The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects/Index

by Charles Darwin

 

INDEX.

• Aceras anthropophora, 26; pollen-tubes, 258
• —— longibracteata, 26
• ——, monstrous flowers, 255
• Acianthus exsertus, 90
• —— fornicatus, 90, 280
• —— sinclairii, 90; fertilised by insects, 280
• Acontia luctuosa with pollen-masses, 31
• Acropera, pollinia of, 154, 156; upper petals, 276
• —— loddigesii, 166
• —— luteola, 166; vessels of, 239
• Adaptations, how far special, 267; diversity of, 282
• Aerides, movement of poUinia, 156; secretion of nectar, 265
• —— cornutun, 265
• —— odorata, 158
• —— virens, 156
• Amici, on number of pollen-grains in Orchis morio, 278
• Anderson, Mr., on Dendrobium, 142; on the Epidendrea, 147
• Angræcum, viscid matter in, 251
• —— distichum, 154
• —— eburneum, 155
• —— sesquipedale, 154, 162, 282; nectary of, 265
• Antennæ of the rostellum of Catasetam, 184, 187
• Anthers, rudimentary, 240
• Apostasia, 248
• Arethuseæ, 80
• Auricles, or papillæ, rudimentary, 241, 242

 

• Babington, Prof., on the rostellum, 255
• Baillon, M., on Catasetum, 191
• Barkeria, 146.
• Bateman, Mr., obligations to, 105, 162; on Cycnoches, 224.
• Battershy, Dr., obligations to, 106
• Bauer, Mr., on pollen-grains in Cephalanthera, 80, 82; on pollen-masses of Bletia, 143
• Bee Ophrys, 52
• Beer, J. G., on Catasetum, 197; on Cyonoches, 224
• Bees with attached pollinia, 30
• Belt, Mr., on Angræcum sesquipedale, 165
• Bentham on monstrous flowers of Orchis pyramidalis, 38
• Bird's-nest Orchis, 125
• Bolbophyllum, 274; upper petals, 276
• —— barbigerum, 138
• —— cocoinum, 137
• —— cupreum, 137; nectary of, 265
• —— rhizophoræ, 137
• Bonatea speciosa, 71, 76; vessels of, 244; modified structure, 264; caudicle, 361
• Bond, Mr. F., on moths with attached pollinia, 30; obligations to, 72, 75
• Bracteæ, secreting nectar, 266
• Brassia, movement of pollinia, 156
• Bree, Mr., on seed of Epipactis latifolia, 278
• Brongniart, M., on secretion of nectar, 41; on Catasetum, 196; spiral vessels in Orchids, 235; on Uropedium, 240
• Bronn, Prof., on Stanhopea devoniensis, 171; classification of organic beings, 264
• Brown, C, on Sobralia macrantha, 91
• ——, Robert, on the fertilisation of Orchids, 3; viscidity of stigma, 13; Ophrys apifera, 54; utriculi of the stigma, 202; homologies of Orchids, 234, 235, 237; rostellum of Orchids, 247; Apostasia, 248; pollen-tubes, 258; Sprengel's work, 275
• Butterflies with attached polli,ia, 31
• Butterfly orchis, 69
• ——, lesser, 73

 

• Caladenia dimorpha, 89
• Calæna, 89
• Calanfhe dominii, 161
• —— masuca, structure of flower, 161; long nectary, 267, 269
• —— veratrifolia, 280
• —— vestita, 162
• Carpenter, Dr., on Myanthus and Catasetum, 196
• Catasetidæ, 178
• Catasetum, peculiar rostellum, 256; labellum, 270
• —— callosum, 192, 195
  • —— luridum, 191
• —— mentosum, 206
• —— planiceps, 193
• —— saccatum, structure of flower, 180–185; vessels of, 239
• —— tabulare, 192
• —— tridentatum, structure of flower, 191; three forms on the same plant, 196; a male orchid, 197; vessels of, 239; peculiar form of rostellum, 256; nectar-receptacle, 269
• Cattleya, structure of flower, 143–148; vessels of, 239; nectary, 265
• —— crispa, 147
• Caudicles of pollinia in the Vandex, 152; development of, 252; structure, 260, 261
• Cephalanthera, number of seeds, 277
• —— ensifolia, 86
• —— grandiflora, structure of flower, 80–86; vessels, 239, 242; change of colour in viscid secretion, 249; pollen, 259; labellum, 269; number of seed, 277; upright position of flower, 287; partially self-fertile, 290
• Cheeseman, Mr., on Pterostylis trullifolia, 88; Acianthus sinclairii, 90; imperfect fertilisation of Pterostylis, 280
• Chysis, 146
• Cirrhæa, contracted stigma, 171
• Clinandrum, the, 241
• Cœlogyne cristata, 146
• Coryanthes, 90, 173; nectary, 232; secretion of nectar, 265
• —— fieldingii, 175
• —— macrantha, 175
• —— speciosa, structure of flower, 174
• —— triloba, partially self-sterile, 281
• Crüger, Dr., on the Epidendreæ, 147; Gongora maculata, 168; Stanhopea, 171; Coryanthes, 173; C. macrantha, 175;

Catasetum, 197, 200; female pollen-masses, 202; Selenipedium palmifolium, 232; homologies in Orchids, 235; bees gnawing the labellum, 270

• Cyonoches egertonianum, 224
• —— ventricosum, structure of flower, 220–224
• Cymbidium giganteum, 155; pollinia, 252, 260; modification of form, 263
• Cypripedium, structure of flower, 226; secretion from, 229; pollen, 262; labellum, 275
• —— acaule, 229
• —— barbatum, vessels of, 239
• —— calceolus, 229–231; fertilised only by small bees, 282
• —— candidum, 235
• —— pubescens, 229, 230
• —— purpuratum, vessels of, 239
• Cyrtostylis, 90

 

• Darwin, Francis, on the movement of the awn of Stipa, 273
• ——, George, insects fertilising Herminium monorchis, 61; Gymnadenia conopsea, 67
• ——, William, on Epipactis palustris, 99, 100
• Delpino on insects being deceived by the presence of a nectary not containing nectar, 41; sterility of Spider Ophrys, 50, 51; Cephalanthera ensifolia, 86; movements of pollinia, 155; fertilisation of Cypripedium calceolus, 231; imperfect fertilisation of Ophrys aranifera in Liguria, 280
• Dendrobium, length of anther, 287
• —— bigibbum, 142
• —— cretaceum, 142, 291
• Dendrobium chrysanthum, structure of, 138–142; nectary, 265
• —— formosum, 142
• —— speciosum, partially sterile, 281
• —— tortile, 142
• Descent, lines of, 262–265
• Dickie, Prof., obligations to, 124
• Disa, secretion of nectar, 265
• —— cornuta, 78
• —— grandifiora, 77; partially self-sterile, 281
• —— macrantha, 78; partially self-fertile, 290
• Disc, viscidity, of, in the Ophreæ, 43; in Catasetum, 190; double in the Ophreæ, 254; of Gymnadenia conopsea, 272
• Disperis, secretion of nectar, 265
• Duchartre, M., on Catasetum and Myanthus, 196
• Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, obligations to, 175

 

• Epidendreæ, 142; few seed capsules produced, 281
• Epidendrwm cochleatum, viscid secretion of, 249
• —— floribundum, 146; viscid secretion, 249
• —— glaucum, 146
• Epipactis, vessels of, 239; viscidmatter, 251
• —— latifolia, 100, 101; pollen, 259; fertilised only by wasps, 282; use of knob of anther, 287
• —— microphylla, 102
• —— palustris, structure of flower, 93–100; labellum, 275
• —— purpurata, 102
• —— rubiginosa, 102
• —— viridiflora, 102; self-fertile, 291
• Epipogium gmelini, 103
• Eulophia viridis, 156; nectary of, 269
• Evelyna, nectary of, 265
• —— carivata, 146; vessels of, 239; clinandrum, 241

 

• Farrer, T. H., obligations to, 46; on Bee Ophrys, 55; Peristylis viridis, 63
• Fertilisation, summary on, 290
• Fertility of English Orchids 33
• Fitzgerald, R. D., on Pterostylis longifolia, 89; Caladenia dimorpha, 89; Acianthus fornicatus, and exsertus, 90; Vanilla aromatica, 91; Spiranthes australis, 115; Thelymitra carnea and longifolia, 127; numbers of Orchideæ collected near Sydney, 279; self-fertilisation of Thelymitra carnea, 280; Dendrobium speciosum, 281
• Flowers, use of external envelopes, 274
• Fly Ophrys, 46
• Frog Orchis, structure of flower, 62; secretion of nectar, 63

 

• Galeandra funkii, 155
• Gärtner on viscid matter of stigma, 249; pollen-grains in Orchids, 288
• Gerard, M. M., pollinia adhering to longicorn beetle, 16
• Glossodia, 237
• Gongora, labellum of, 276
• —— atro-purpurea, 169
• —— maculata, 168
• —— truncata, 169
• Goodyera, vessels of, 239; caudicle in a nascent condition, 260
• —— discolor, 105
• —— pubescens, 105
• —— repens, 103, 105
• Gordon, Rev. G., obligations to, 103
• Gosse, Mr., on self-fertilised seeds of Epidendreæ, 147, 148
• Gradation of organs, 247
• Gray, Prof. Asa, on Gymnadenia tridentata, 68; Platanthera, 75; Goodyera repens, 105; Spiranthes gracilis and cernua; 111; Cypripedium, 229, 230, 235
• Gymnadenia, viscid matter, 251
• —— albida, 43, 68
• —— conopsea, transplanted, 32; secretion of nectar, 40, 43; structure of flower, 65; vessels, 238, 239; rostellum, 255; movements of pollinia, 271; disc, 272
• —— odoratissima, 68
• —— tridentata, 68; self-fertile, 291

 

• Habenaria bifolia, 78; secretion of nectar, 40, 43; viscid matter, 251
• Habenaria chlorantha, 43, 69; vessels of, 239, 244; viscidity of exterior surface, 251
• Hance, Dr., on Catasetum, 197
• Herbert, Dean, on Catasetum luridum and Myanthus, 196
• Herminium monorchis, 59; fertilised by insects, 61; rostellum, 255
• Hildebrand, F., on the ovules in Orchids, 172
• Homologies of Orchids, 232
• Hooker, Dr., on Listera, 3, 115; labellum of Calæna, 89; obligations to, 115, 128, 244; spiral vessels in Orchids, 235; variability of the labellum of Orchids, 238; on the rostellum, 254
• Horwood, Mr., assistance from, 129

 

• Insects, frequency of visits to Orchids, 33; attracted by bright colours, 275
• Irmisch on Epipogium, 103; Neottia nidus-avis, 125; flower-bud of Cypripedium, 240

 

• Krünitz, secretion of nectar by Orchis, 36
• Kurr, on Orchids secreting nectar, 38; secretion from hairs in Cypripedium calceolus, 229; nectar secreted from bracteæ, 266

 

• Labellum easily vibratile, 138; cup of, not secreting nectar in the Vandeæ, 269; excrescences on, 269; gnawed by insects, 270; its importance to the flower, 275; of Sarcanthus, 276
• Ladies' slipper, 227
• —— tresses, 106
• Lælia, 146
• —— cinnabarina, 148
• Lepidoptera with attached pollinia, 30, 31
• Leptotes, 146
• Lindley, Dr., obligations to, 129; arrangement of Orchids, 128; on forms of Catasetum, 197; of Cycnoches, 224; homologies of Orchids, 235; on the number of genera and species, 279
• Link on homologies of Orchids, 235, 238
• Liparis pendula, vessels of, 239; clinandrum, 241
• Listera, viscid matter, 251; crest of rostellum, 287
• —— cordata, 124
• —— ovata, structure of, 115–124; labellum, 276
• Lycaste skinnerii, 155; pollen of 260

 

• Malaxeæ, 128
• Malaxis, viscid matter, 251; upper petals, 276
• —— paludosa, transplanted, 32; structure of flower, 129–135; vessels, 239, 241; clinandrum, 241; pollen-tubes, 258; position of labellum affected by ovarium, 284
• Malden, Rev. B. S., obligations to, 35, 64
• Male flowers of Catasetum, 198
• Marantaceæ, 238
• Marshall, Mr., on sterility of transplanted Orchids, 32; Habenaria chlorantha, 72,
• Masdevallia, clinandrum of, 241; sepals, 274; upper petals, 276
• —— fenestrata, 135, 136, 142
• Maxillaria, movements of pollinia, 156; number of pollen-grains in anther, 278
• —— ornithorhyncha, movement of pollinia, 157, 159
• Megaclinium falcatum, labellum of, 138
• Ménière M., on insects visiting Orchids, 30; secretion of nectar by Coryanthes, 173; movement of Catasetum, 187, 191; the nectar-receptacle, 269
• Microstylus rhedii, 132, 135
• Miltonia clowesii, pollinia of, 154, 155
• Modifioations in Orchids, 246
• Moggridge, J. Traherne, on Ophrys scolopax, 52, 292; Ophrys apifera, 56, 58, 59; flowering of the Ophreæ, 59
• Monaohanthus viridis, 196, 197, 198, 201
• More, Mr. A. G., on fertility of Bee Ophrys, 55; Epipactis palustris, 39, 97, 99; obligations to, 106
• Mormodes ignea, structure of flower, 208–219; viscid secretion, 249; use of labellum, 276, 283

• —— luxata, 219

• Morren, on Vanilla aromatica, 91

• Moths with attached pollinia, 21, 30, 31; intellect of, 37

• Movements of pollinia, 271

• Müller, Fritz, on Epidendreæ, 148; pollinium of Ornithocephalus, 159, 160; Sphinx moth, 163; contracted stigma, 171, 172; ovules of Epidendreæ and Vandeæ, 173; Catasetum mentosum, 206; bracteæ of the Oncidium secreting nectar, 266; labellum gnawed by insects 271; number of seeds in capsule of Maxillaria, 278; number of Orchideæ in South Brazil, 279; the orchideous tribes failing to be fertilised, 280; prepotency of pollen, 289

• ——, Hermann, on fertilisation of Orchis mascula, 13; bees visiting the flowers of Orchis latifolia, 16; Nigritella angustifolia, 27; fertilisation of Orchids, 29; insects puncturing laburnum flowers, 41; Gymnadenia odoratissima, 68; Habenaria bifolia and chlorantha, 74; Epipactis rubiginosa, microphylla, and viridiflora, 102; Neottia nidus-avis, 125; Cypripedium calceolus, 231; secretion of nectar, 267

• Musk Orchis, structure of flower, 59

• Myanthus barbatus, 192, 199, 203; quite sterile, 205

 

• Nectar, secretion of, by British Ophreæ, 37, 39; in foreign Orchids, 229; from bracteæ, 229

• Nectary cut off to test the intellect of moths, 37; length of, in Angræcum sesquipedale, 265

• Neotinia intacta, 27, 291

• Neotteæ, 93; vessels of, 241

• Neottia nidus-avis, 125; pollen-tubes, 258; partially self-fertile, 290

• Nevill, Lady Dorothy, obligations to, 129

• Nicotiana, stigma of, 249

• Nigritella angustifolia, 27

• Notylia, contracted stigma, 171

 

• Odontoglossum, 156

• Oliver, Prof., obligations to, 129

• Oncidium, pollinia, 153, 156, 158; vessels of, 239; viscidity, 251; bracteæ secreting nectar, 266

• —— unguiculatum, development of caudicles, 252

• Ophreæ, 6; vessels of, 241

• Ophrys apifera, structure of flower, 52; fertility of, 54–58; pollen, 259; self-fertilisation, 279, 291

• —— arachnites, 51

• —— aranifera, 50; imperfect fertilisation, 280

• —— muscifera, transplanted, 32; structure, 45; fertility, 49; self-sterile, imperfectly fertilised by insects, 280

• —— scolopax, 52, 292

• Orchideæ, modifications in, 246

• Orchis fusca, 15; imperfect fertilisation, 35; secretion of nectar, 37

• —— hircina, 25; nectary, 39; movement of pollinia, 273

• —— latifolia, 15; imperfect fertilisation, 35; secretion of nectar, 37; two distinct discs, 255

• —— maculata, 15, 34; transplanted, 32; imperfect fertilisation, 35: secretion of nectar, 37, 39; two distinct discs, 255; rostellum, 255; number of seeds, 277, 278;

• Orchis mascula, structure of flower, 6; movement of pollinia, 273; number of pollen-grains, 278

• —— militaris, sterility of, 36; secretion of nectar, 37

• —— morio, 15, 128; fertility of, in cold season, 33; secretion of nectar, 37, 39; number of pollen-grains, 278

• —— pyramidalis, structure of flower, 16; movements of pollinia, 21, 272, 273; fertility in different stations, 84; secretion of nectar, 37, 39; monstrous flowers, 38; single disc, 254; rostellum, 256; pollen-grains, 260, 261; contrivances for its fertilisation, 264

• —— ustulata, 25

• Organs, gradation of, 247
• Ornithocephalus, 160
• Ovaria of Orchids, 284
• Oxenden, Mr. G. C, obligations to, 25; on Epipactis purpurata, 102

 

• Parfitt, Mr., on attached pollinia, 31
• Parker, Mr. R., obligations to, 129
• Pedicel of pollinium, 253; elasticity of, 283
• Percy, Dr., analysis of labellum of Warrea, 270
• Peristylus viridis, secretion of nectar, 43, 63; rostellum, 255
• Petals, uses of, 274
• Phaius, 146
• —— grandifolius, 280
• Phalanopsis, viscidity of stigma, 153; movement of pollinia, 159; labellum, 276
• —— amabilis, 159
• —— grandiflora, 159; projection of labellum, 269
• Platanthera, 75
• —— chlorantha, 69
• —— dilatata, 77
• —— flava, 76, 77
• —— hookeri, 75
• —— hyperborea, 76; self-fertile, 291
• Pleurothallis ligulata, 135
• —— prolifera, 135
• Pogonia ophioglossoides, 86
• Pollen-masses, rudimentary in Monochanthus, 201; gradation of, 257, 288
• Pollen-tubes emitted from anther, 258
• Pollinia, movements of, in Orchis mascula, 12–15; in O. pyramidalis, 21; of the Vandeæ, 154; of Catasetum, ejection of, 184; attachment to rostellum, 251; gradation, 257; movements, 271
• Pterostylis, nectary of, 232
• —— longiflora, 87, 89
• —— trullifolia, 86, 88; imperfect fertilisation in New Zealand, 280

 

• Rodgers, Mr., obligations to, 129; on Myanthus and Monochanthus, 196; secretion of nectar in Orchids, 265; in Vanilla, 266
• Rodriguezia secunda, 159
• —— suaveolens, movement of pollinia, 156, 159
• Rohrbach, Dr., on Epipogium gmelini, 103
• Rostellum, a single organ in the Ophreæ, 45; of the Vandeæ, 150; aborted, 242; gradation of, 247; of Apostasia, 248; diversity of structure, 250; crest of, in the Ophreæ, 255; in Catasetum, 256
• Rucker, Mr., obligations to, 129, 180, 192, 208

 

• Saccolabium, viscidity of stigma, 153, 156
• Saint-Hilaire, A. de, on pollen of Orchids, 259
• Sarcanthus, labellum of, 276
• —— parishii, 142
• —— teretifolius, pollinia of, 154, 156; viscidity, 268
• Scheinsaftblumen, 37
• Schomburgk, Sir R., on Catasetum, 196
• Scott, Mr., on flowers of Acropera, 168, 172; of Gongora, 169; nectar-receptacle, 269; number of seeds in capsule of Acropera, 278; prepotency of pollen, 289
• Scudder, Mr., on Pogonia ophioglossoides, 86
• Secretion of nectar, 36, 229, 265
• Seeds, production and number of, 276, 277
• Selenipedium palmifolium, 232
• Self-fertilisation, summary on, 293
• Sepals, uses of, 274
• Serapias cordigera, 27
• Sexes of Orchids, 196
• Smith, Sir James, on position of flowers in Malaxis, 129
• ——, Mr. G. E., on bees visiting the Bee Ophrys, 55
• Sobralia macrantha, 91
• Sophronitis, 146
• Spider Ophrys, 50
• Spiranthes australis, 114; labellum, 275; self-fertile, 291
• —— autumnalis, structure of flower, 106–114; vessels of, 239
• —— cernua, 111
• —— gracilis, 111
• Sprengel, C. K., on fertilisation of Orchis militaris, 36; secretion of nectar by Orchis, 36; on Epipactis latifolia, 101; Listera, 115, 123; colours attracting insects, 275; value of his work, 275
• Stamens in Orchids, 242
• Stanhopea, pollinia of, 155; labellum, 276
• —— devoniensis, 171
• —— oculata, 171
• Stelis, use of the sepals, 274
• —— racemiflora, 135
• Sterility of English Orchids, 35
• Stigma, viscidity of, in the Vandeæ, 152; utriculi, 197; gradation, 248; structure, 249
• Stipa, movements of, 273
• Structure, diversity of, 282, 285
• Structure, importance of trifling details, 286, 287

 

• Thelymitra, self-fertile, 291
• —— carnea, 127; self-fertile, 280
• —— longiflora, 127
• Thomson, R. B., on Goodyera repens, 105
• Tilley, H. A., on Vanilla aromatica, 91
• Trevelyan, Sir C., on Bombus with attached pollen-masses from Cattleya, 145
• Treviranus on the secretion of nectar, 41; on Bee Ophrys, 56
• Trimen, R., obligations to, 40; on Bonatea speciosa, 76, 77; Disa grandiflora, 77, 78
• Turnbull, Mr., obligations to, 129
• Tway-blade, 115

 

• Uropedium, 240
• Utriculli of stigma, 197, 218

 

• Vandeæ, 156
• ——, structure of, 149; pollinia, 253, 258
• Vanilla aromatica, 90
• Vanillideæ, 90; few seed capsules produced, 281
• Veitch, Mr. J., obligations to, 129, 180, 220
• Vessels, spiral, of Orchids, 235
• Viscidity of disc in British Ophreæ, 35; in Catasetum, 190
• —— of rostellum and stigma, 248, 249

 

• Waetcher on fertilisation of the Orchids, 2
• Walker, Mr. F., obligations to, 100
• Wallis, Mr., obligations to, 129
• Warrea, 155; analysis of labellum, 270
• Weale, J. Mansell, on Habenaria, 76; Bonatea, 77; Disa and Disperis, 78; Disa macrantha, 290
• Weddell, Dr., on hybrids of Aceras, 26
• Wright, Mr. C, on the movement of pollinia, 156

 

• Zygopetalum mackai, 155