Tirukural

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Tirukural (1886)
by Tiruvalluvar, translated by George Uglow Pope, W. H. Drew, John Lazarus and F. W. Ellis

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A noteworthy piece of early Tamil literature, the Tirukural was written by the saint Tiruvalluvar approximately 2,200 years ago. It is written in a poetic form called Kural (couplets expounding various aspects of life). Thirukural contains 1330 couplets divided into 133 chapters of 10 couplets each. Each couplet consists of seven words, with four words on the first line and three on the second.

Translated into English in 1886 by George Uglow Pope, W.H. Drew, John Lazarus and F.W. Ellis.

Tiruvalluvar85820Tirukural1886George Uglow Pope, W. H. Drew, John Lazarus and F. W. Ellis

Part I: Virtue

Introduction

Domestic Virtue

Ascetic Virtue

Fate

Fate

Part II: Wealth

Royalty

Ministers of state

The Essentials of a State

Appendix (Miscellaneous)

Part III: Love

The Gandharva Marriage (The Pre-marital love)

Wedded Love (The Post-marital love)

This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.

Original:

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.

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Translation:

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.

The longest-living author of this work died in 1925, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 98 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.

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