Translation:Tolkappiyam/Consonant coalescence

by Tolkappiyar

use me to read Tamil

• Source in Tamil

The first numbers at the end of the each translation of the verse denote the serial number of the verse of the section and the succeeding second one denotes the serial number of the verse of the chapter of source-book.

110 verses

First section, verses 297-406

Translation

This chapter speaks on coalescences on preceding words ending with consonants

Words with [nj]-ending

• Preceding verbal noun ending in [nj], whether in case or non case relation, coalesces with [u]-suffix and with augmentation of the succeeding word having hard-consonant-initial. 297/1
• Adding suffix [u] will remain even before the words having [nj], [n,], [m] and [v] initial. 298/2

Words with [n,]-ending

• Words with [nj]-ending also coalesce in the same way in non-case relation. 299/3
• In case relation, suffix-[u] will change into [a]. 300/4
• The word [ve’rin,]=the back portion of a body, elides its last consonant in cases (and coalesces with nasal-augmentation of the succeeding hard consonant) 301/5
• The nasal augmentation, above, may also be hard consonant in cases. 302/6

Words with [n’]-ending

• The word with [n’]-ending, in case relation, coalesces changing its phoneme [n’] into [t]. 303/7
• The words [aan’]=man and [pe’n’]=woman, even in the sense of non-generic-class coalesce with their natural form. 304/8
• Tree-name [aan’] coalesces as the tree-name [aria]. 305/9
• The word [vin’]=galaxy coalesces even with the empty morpheme [aththu]. 306/10
• All verbal nouns coalesce with [u]-suffix, norm applicable to verbal noun in general. 307/11
• The name that denotes social groups coalesces in its natural form. 308/12
• The word [e’n’]=sesame even in non-case-coalescence changes its end [n’] into [t]. 309/13
• Verbal-name [muran’]=clash coalesces in its natural form. 310/14

Words with [m]-ending

• The word with [m]-ending elides its ending-phoneme in coalescence of case-sense and coalesces doubling the initial hard-consonant in the succeeding word. 311/15
• If the succeeding word comes with the initials [a] or [aa], the preceding word ending in [m] elides its ending two phoneme [a] and [m] and coalesces. [maram] + [adi] or [aadi] = [maraadi]. 312/16
• Neutral-coalescence (doubling hard-consonant or blending nasal and its corresponding hard-consonant) is also applicable to the preceding word that denotes a place. [kul’am]=pond + [karai]=bank = [kul’kkarai] or [kul’angarai]. 313/17
• Tree-name [illam] coalesces ass that of tree-name [visai]. 314/18
• In non-case sense the ending consonant [m] changes into nasal-consonant corresponding to the initial hard-consonant of the succeeding word. 315/19
• The coalescence of preceding word [agam]=inside and the succeeding word [kai]=hand will end in [angai] according to learners (some elisions in the preceding word). 316/20
• The preceding word [ilam]=destitute and the succeeding word [padu]=happen coalesce with their natural form. 317/21
• Counting number [aayiram]=thousand coalesces with the empty-morpheme [aththu]. 318/22
• The above word, even it comes with counting prefix will coalesces in the same way as above. 319/23
• The word before the words denoting the measurement of capacity and weight coalesces with norm applicable to case-relation-coalescence. 320/24
• The words [e’llaar]=all of them and [e’lliir]=all of you coalesce with empty-morpheme [tham] and [n,um] respectively, in case-relation, as the norm defined in one previous chapter [e’llaarthammaiyum], [e’lliirn,ummaiyum]. 321/25
• In non-case relation, the above words coalesce with their natural form but with [um]-empty-particle suffix. 322/26
• The word [e’llaam]=all coalesces as spoken in one previous chapter. The [um]-empty-particle suffix is not added in-between the two words, but after the succeeding word, as [e’llaak kur’iyavum]=all the short things], in both case and non-case sense. 323/27
• In the above coalescence, the changing of [m] to the corresponding hard-consonant, may be to the corresponding nasal-consonant of the succeeding hard-consonant. 324/28
• If the word [e’llaam], denotes the part of man-kind, coalesces as defined in the previous chapter (6), as [e’llaan,ngaiyum]=all of our hands. 325/29
• The word [n,um]=yours coalesces with nasal augmentation of the hard consonant of the succeeding word [n,unje’vi]=your ear, 326/30
• Word [n,iiyir] may also stand as [n,iiir] in cases. 327/31
• Verbal nouns coalesce with the norm pertaining to them (along with euphonic suffix [u] in-between); [se’m] + [kadithu] = [se’mmuk kadithu]; = metal-art is hard. 328/32
• These words [iim]=crematory fire, [kam]=art work with metal and [urum]=thunder coalesce as above. 329/33
• The latter two of the above three coalesce with the empty morpheme [akku] as suffix, in case-relation. 330/34
• The [m]-ending shortens before [v] consonant. 331/35
• The name that denotes a day of a month ending in [m] coalesces with two empty morphemes [aththu] and [aan]. In coalescence ending consonant [m] elides. 332/36

Words with [n]-ending

• In case relation, [n]-ending changes its form to [r’] in coalescence. 333/37
• The words [man]=(a suffix particle), [sin]= (a suffix particle), [aan]= (instrumental case morpheme) , [iin]= (ablative case morpheme), [pin]=(locative case morpheme), [mun] =(locative case morpheme) and verb relative particle coalesce in the same way as above changing its end into [r’]. 334/38
• Word [vayin]=(place) with the prefix demonstrative word-letters and interrogative word-letters coalesce as above; [avvayin] + [kon’daan] = [avvayir’ kon’daan] = (received there), [e’vvayin] + [kon’daan] = [e’vvayir’ kon’daan] = (received where?]. 335/39
• The word [kuyin]=(cloud) coalesces in its natural form. 336/40
• The tree-name [e’kin]=(tamarind) coalesces as the tree-name [aan’]. 337/41
• The bird-name [e’kin]=(swan) coalesces along with the empty particle [a] and augmentation of initial hard consonant of the succeeding word in case-sense-coalescence; [e’kin] + [kaal] = [e’kinak kaal] = (leg of swan). 338/42
• Names if social groups coalesce with the norms defined to them. 339/43
• The word [miin]=(fish) coalesces in neutral either with the augmentation of hard or nasal consonant of the initial hard consonant of the succeeding word; [miin kan’] or [miir’ kan’] = (eye of a fish). 340/44
• The word [thee’n]=(honey) accepts neutral-coalescence either in three ways; [thee’n kudam] or [thee’r’ kudam] or [thee’k hudam] = (pot of honey). 341/45
• It accepts the coalescence of nasal augmentation also; [thee’ngudam]. 342/46
• Before the words having initials of nasal consonants, the above word coalesces either in its natural form or with augmentation of the preceding. [thee’n nje’ri] or [thee’ nje’ri] = (hive of honey). 343/47
• The preceding word [thee’n]=(honey) and the succeeding word [ir’aal]=(hive) coalesce without change. 344/48
• The above coalescence may occur with elision of lost consonant in the preceding word and addition of empty morpheme [aththu] in-between; [thee’ththir’aal]=(hive of honey). 345/49
• The words [min]=(lightning), [pin]=(plaited hair), [pan]=(hedged knife used to cut plants in farming) and [kan]=(making brass utensils) are verbal nouns and coalesce with norms prescribed to them. 346/50
• The word [kan], above, coalesces as the word [e’kin]=(swan), in case-sense-coalescence; [kannak kudam]=(brass-pot). 347/51
• The preceding proper name denoting neutral generic class, ending in [n] before the word [than,thai]=(father) coalesces with elision as: [saaththan] + [thn,thai] = [saaththan,thai]. 348/52
• The preceding proper names [aathan] and [puuthan] coalesce as above with some more elisions also in the succeeding word as; [aan,thai]=(father of Aathan), [puun,thai]=(father of Puuthan]. 349/53
• The above preceding words, if they come with prefix of some adjectives in the sense of quality coalesce without change; [perunjsaathan than,thai]. 350/54
• If they coalesce denoting the sense of relation between them, the augmentation of the initial hard consonant appear between the two words. 351/55
• The preceding three words: [thaan]=(myself), [pee’n]=(louse) and [koo’n]=(king) coalesce without change before the succeeding word [than,thai]=(father). (But the blending coalescence appears). [than] + [thn,thai] = [thaaan r’n,thai]. 352/56
• The name [than], in case sense, coalesces as said in previous chapter 6. [thankai]=(my hand). 353/57
• In non-case sense it has no change. 354/58
• The word [azan]=(fire for cremation) coalesces with the elision of last consonant and with the augmentation of the initial hard consonant; [azak kudam]=(fire-pot). 355/59
• The preceding word [mun]=before coalesces with the succeeding word [il]=residence, with an appearance of [r’] consonant in-between; [munr’il]=atrium. 356/60
• The ending consonant [n] will change to [l] in the word [pon]=gold coalesces with the empty morpheme [am]; [polangalam]=ornament of gold. 357/61

Words with [y]-ending

• The word ending in [y] consonant coalesces with the augmentation of initial hard consonant of the succeeding word in case-relation. 358/62
• But, the word [thaay]=mother coalesces without change. 359/63
• If it denotes the action of her [magan]=son it coalesces with augmentation as above. [magan r’aayk kalaam] = quarrel between mother and son. 360/64
• Some words coalesce with neutral augmentation either with hard or nasal consonant in case-relation. [vee’yk-kur’ai] or [vee’yngur’ai] = cut-portion of a bamboo. 361/65
• In non-case relation all coalesces without change. 362/66

Words with [r]-ending

• Words with [r] ending coalesce as [y] ending. 363/67
• The words [aar]=the symbol tree of Cholas, the king, [ve’thir]=bamboo of big size, [saar]=a kind of tree in pine tree family and [piir]=sponge gourd coalesce with adding nasal corresponding consonant of the succeeding initial of hard consonant in case-sense; [aar] + koo’du] = [aarngoo’du]=branch of the [Aar]-tree. 364/68
• Words [saar] and [kaz] coalesce with augmentation in-between; [Saarnkaaz]=heart-wood of the tree [Saar]. 365/69
• Word [piir] coalesces also with empty morpheme [am]; [Piirankoo’du]. 366/70

Words with [l]-ending

• Words with [l] ending coalesce as with [n] ending in case-relation. 367/71
• Ending [l] in the preceding word will change into [n] if the succeeding word begins with nasal consonant. 368/72
• In non-case relation, it coalesces with change or without change. 369/73
• Before the succeeding word with the initial [th] consonant, the ending [l] will change into [h] depending phoneme. 370/74
• The ending [l] that follows after a long-phoneme in the preceding word, it coalesces without change. 371/75
• The ending [l] consonant in the words [n,e’l]=paddy, [se’l]=a kind of insect that infects the stored paddy, [kol]=iron-thing-making and [sol]=word will change into [r’] even in non-case sense of coalescence. 372/76
• The preceding word [illai]=no coalesces in four forms of coalescences; no change [illai kal], augmentation [illaik kal], elision [ilk al] and [illak kal] all the forms denotes the meaning ‘no stone’. 373/77
• The word [val]=gambling, being a verbal name, coalesces with the general norm pertaining to that category; (having euphonic-[u] between the preceding and succeeding; [valluk hadithu]=gambling is difficult. 374/78
• It coalesces before the word [n,aay] and [palagai] with euphonic [a] instead of euphonic [u]; [valla n,aay]=coins of gambling, [vaalap palagai]=gambling board. 375/79
• The three names [puul]=a kind of flower, [vee’l]-a kind of thorn tree, and [aal]=banyan tree coalesce with empty morpheme [am]. 376/80
• Verbal nouns coalesce with their own norms; (with euphonic [u] in-between). 377/81
• The name [ve’yil]=sun-light coalesces as the name [mazai]=rain coalesces; (with the empty morpheme [aththu]. 378/82

Words with [v]-ending

• Words ending in [v] with a prefix of demonstrating letter-word coalesces with their specific norm discussed before; (adding empty morpheme [var’r’u]. 379/83
• In non-case sense of coalescence, the ending [v] in the preceding word will change into [h], one among the depending phonemes; [ah kadiya]=they are strong. 380/84
• Before nasal initial, the ending [v] will elide and there appears the same nasal consonant of initial in the succeeding word. 381/85
• Before medial consonant it coalesces without change. 382/86
• Other word ending in [v] being a verbal noun coalesces with the norm specified to verbal-nouns; adding euphonic [u] as [the’vuk kadithu]=enmity is difficult. 383/87

Words with [l”]-ending

• Words with [l”] ending coalesce as words with [r] ending. 384/88
• The preceding name [thaal”]=lock coalesces with empty morpheme [akku] before the succeeding name [koo’l]=key; [thaal”ak koo’l]=lock and key. 385/89
• The name [thamil”]=Tamil also coalesces in the same way; [thamil”ak kuuththu]=street drama in Tamil. 386/90
• The name [kumil”], if denotes tree, coalesces as the creeper name [piir] coalesces; (with the empty morpheme [am]); [kumil”angoo’du]=branch of Kumiz-tree. 387/91
• The word [paal”]=waste coalesces with augmentation either with hard or shaft initial of the succeeding word; [paal”klin’ar’u] or [paal”ngin’ar’u]=waste well. 388/92
• Numeral name [ee’l”]=hot, coalesces with the empty morpheme [an]; [ee’l’an kaayam]=biting onions. 389/93
• The word [ee’l”]=seven used in the sense of counting, changes its form to [e’l”u] and then coalesces; [e’l”u paanai]=seven pots. 390/94
• The succeeding word [paththu]=ten, after the name [ee’l”], change its form to [pahthu] as [e’l”pahthu]=seventy. 391/95
• Before the name [aayiram]=thousand it coalesces with its original form; [ee’l”aayiram]=seven thousand. 392/96
• Even before name [aayiram] with counting prefix [n,uur’u]=hundred it coalesces in the same way above; [ee’l” n;r’aayiram]=7oo000. 393/97
• The succeeding countless accumulative numerals ending in [ai], [am] and [pal] also coalesce in the same way above; [ee’l” thaamarai], [ee;l” aambal], [ee;l” ve’l’l’am]. 394/98
• Even before the words with vowel-initial it coalesces in the same way; [ee’l” akal]=seven small pottery lamp. 395/99
• The word [kiil”] (denoting east direction) coalesces either with augmentation of hard initial consonant of the succeeding word or without; [kiil” kul’am] or [kiil”k kul’am] = pond in east direction. 396/100

Words with [l’]-ending

• Words with [l’]-ending coalesces as the words with [n’]-ending. 397/101
• Word with [l’]-ending coalesces changing its last consonant into [n’] before the word having initial of soft consonant; in case relation [mul’]=thorn + [nje’ri]=sharpness = [mun’nje’r’i]; in non-case relation [mul’] + [nje’rinthathu] = [mun’ nje’rintthathu] = the sharpness of the thorn has broken. 398/102
• In non-case relation, its coalescence appears either with change or without change; as: [mul’ kadithu] or [mut kadithu]= (both in same meaning ‘thorn is strong’). 399/103
• Before [tha]-initial-word, ending phoneme [l’] may change into [h]; [muhdiithu] = thorn is not good. 400/104
• Word with [l’]-ending after a long phoneme, may coalesces in its natural form or in changing form structure; in non-case relation without change as [thoo’l’ kadithu] or [thoo’t kadithu] = (in both cases the meaning is the same ‘shoulder is stong’. 401/105
• Verbal noun coalesces with its norm prescribed; (with additional [u] in-between as [thul’luk kadithu] = frisking is difficult; [koo’l’ kadithu] or [koo’t kadithu] = (both in same meaning ‘seizing is difficult’). 402/106
• The word [irul’]=dark coalesces as the word [ve’yil] coalesces spoken earlier; having empty morpheme [aththu] in-between; [irul’aththuk kon’dan] = received in dark. 403/107
• The names [pul’] and [val’] coalesces verbal-noun coalescence. 404/108
• The ending [l’] in the name [makkal’]=people may change into hard consonant in relevant cases. [makkat kai] = hands of people. 405/109

residual

• The norms discussed above are to be thought and followed in writing in relevant places. 406/110