Translation:Tolkappiyam/Manifest emotions

by Tolkappiyar

use me to read Tamil

Source in Tamil

Note

The serial number at the end denotes the verse in the part of the literature

Translation

Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

This chapter approaches the emotional feeling that appears in human body in psychological basis. It explains position in language of literature and usage.

Basic notes to follow

This chapter deals with emotions emerged from feelings.
Emotions are manifested in human body.
The common manifesting emotions are eight-fold.
Each of which has four inner-folds.
The inner fold is called taste where the emotion arises.
Apart from these 32 emotions emerge by feeling.
All the 64 are common.
Further there are conjugal emotions sign in woman body at the first sight of seeing her lover and thereafter.
What are the material emotions referred to in a marriage is also discussed at last.

Classification

1. Thirty two concepts of emotions may be calculated into sixteen, the learned say. (1)
2. They are further calculated into eight. (2)
3. Laughter, weeping, disgust, wonder, fear, pride, anger and joy are the emotions in the eight-fold, says the learned. (3)
4. Ridicule, childishness, foolishness and feigned ignorance are the four sources where laughter manifests. (4)
5. Inferiority, loss, dishonor and poverty are the four sources where the weeping manifests. (5)
6. Agedness, sickness, vexation and weakness are the four sources where the disgust manifests. (6)
7. Novelty, hugeness, minuteness and transmutation are the four sources where wonder manifests. (7)
8. Demoniac beings, wild animals, thieves and native king are the four objects that motivate fear. (8)
9. Educational knowledge, prowess, unsullied fame and philanthropy are the four moods where pride manifests. (9)
10. Cutting one’s limb, harming one’s kin, inflecting pain and murder are the four deeds cause to manifest anger. (10)
11. Richness, mind’s might, inter-course and play are four bases where the joy manifests. (11)

Habitual emotions

1. Apart from one part, another part flashes more emotions in habit; possession, amusement, equipoise, benevolence, natural behavior, forbearance, resistance, amiability, deliberation, benediction, conspiracy, blessing, shyness, drowsiness, scream, dreaming, hating, reminiscing, fright, slothfulness, intention, invention, hastiness, sighing, helplessness, suffering, forgetfulness, envy, perspiration, doubt, intemperance and trembling. (12)

Love-emotions

1. In the course of clandestine pre-marital love, responses of female lover are discussed in six steps. Each step has four signs of emotional manifestations. Liking his sight fall on her, dews of perspiration on her fore-head in love, concealing her smile from his glance and disguising her diversion from others - are the four signs in first step. (13)
2. Dressing her hair, pretending as she is removing one of her ear ornament, groping her ornaments and tightening her waist dress are the four signs in the second step. (14)
3. Groping her female point, correcting her dress, pretending as she does not has passion and pasting her two-hand-fingers erect as she do not want that he touch her - are the four signs in the third step. (15)
4. After the conjugal union, praising him (the beloved), speaking with him leaving aside her feigned ignorance, accepting the kindles gossip of others having shyness and accepting his offerings – are the four signs in the fourth step. (16)
5. Accepting his union knowing the result, denying open dealings, hiding herself to seek and happy when he find out her – are the four signs in the fifth step. (17)
6. Dispersing her body decoration made by him, wailing on her past events, speaking bewilder and babbling helplessness – are the four signs in the sixth step. (18)
7. Such resembling manifests appear in female lover part. (19)
8. They do not appear in exhaustion. (20)

Allied love emotions

1. There are some more allied love emotions. (21)
2. Belittling the pleasure, lamenting on sorrow, suffering on thinking about future, studying the difficulties in future, forbearing hungry, greening complexion, consuming reduced food, leaning in size of the body, sleepless mood, enjoying in favorable dreams, day-dreams, believing on future, doubting the cases, rejoicing to contact with his (male lover) kin, being self-side beyond the nature, self-contempt, feeling all the happenings in outside resembling self-side, happy on noting other’s doing are as she does, asking everything again and again, abashment – are also some of the allied love emotions. (22)

Love-securing signals

1. Eight kinds of signals from the female lover’s part are shown to secure her love. Asking the cause which prevent meeting them (lovers), displeasure on his delay in marring her, moving aside leaving him alone, refuse his union, accepting his message, sleeping exhaustion, blooming of lust emotion and speech-less emotion – are the eight emotional signals. (23)
2. Ten more signals appear in her part. Afraid of God punishing for his failure in adopting his vow (he vows before the God not to leave her alone), vivid after careful study, averse on lie, slacking on affirmatives, affirming union, condemning the season and time, benevolence on him, appear with brim of kindness and dislike on scandal. (24)

Amicable factors in wedding

1. Territorial ancestry, family trait, fortitude, age, unanimous sex feelings, steadfastness, graciousness, discerning mind and material endowment are the lineage to be harmonious for the wedding couples. (25)
2. Pinning other’s mind, doing harm to others, ego, slander, harsh words, carelessness in duty, laziness, thinking family disparity, indulging always in enjoyment, belittling each other, canceled behavior and harsh behavior of imitating – are some of the motivating emotions not to be found among couples. (26)
3. To study of manifesting emotions is difficult to those who do not have the ability of seeing and hearing consciously and conclude the relevant source motivations emerged from. (27)