Translation:Tolkappiyam/Residual components

by Tolkappiyar

use me to read Tamil

Source in Tamil

Note

The serial number at the end denotes the verse in the part of the literature

Translation

Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

This chapter defines the lexical corpus of various kinds in Tamil.

Four kinds of words

• The four kinds of words in Tamil-poetry are: [iyar’ccol] (=standard words), [thirisol] (=synonyms and homonyms), [thisaic-col] (=dialectal words) and [vada-sol] (=borrowed words from northern language) 1
• Among these four the (primary kind of) standard words are the usage in Tamil land occurring with the semantic core unaffected. 2
• The next kind of words is two kinds: synonyms and homonyms. 3
• The third kind of words is dialects spoken in twelve regions surrounding Tamil land. 4
• The fourth kind of words is borrowed ones from northern language leaving its sound and adopting its sound in accordance with native natural sound. 5
• Even the words with broken northern sound of phoneme to assimilate the native sound of phoneme are also accepted in Tamil. 6

Phonemic deviations in poetry

• The learned says that the four kinds of words will also be used in modified forms such as: a soft consonant is altered to hard consonant, a hard consonant is altered to soft consonant, there occurs an augmentation of sound, there marks an elision of phoneme, there is the lengthening of short vowel and shortening of a long vowel. 7

Modes of word construction in poems

• There are four kinds of word constructions to denote the sequence of meaning found in poems: 1 [n”iral-n”ir’ai], 2 [sun’n’am], 3 [adi-mar’i] and 4 [adi-mar’i]. 8
• In the first mode of word construction, a group of nouns and their group of verbs are constructed linking separately. 9
• In the second mode of word construction, words are constructed in deft manner within two lines. 10
• In the third mode of word construction, lines of stanza inter-changed without change of meaning. 11
• In the fourth mode of word construction, the ending word being the subject is knotted to the predicate that stands in the beginning. 12
• The second mode of word construction is also named as [mozi-maatru]. In this mode nouns and verbs stand here and there jumbled. 13

Compound words

• Kinship names beginning with the letters [tha], [n”a], [n”u] and [e’] do not lend themselves to splitting.
  • (Words [tham], [n”am], [n”um] and [e’m] are core of words. 14

Reduplication

• Material euphonic compliment, syllabic fillers and sense carriers are the three classes in which the reduplication functions. 15

Compound words

• Kinds of six compound words are: compounds involving case relations, compounds involving comparisons morphemes, compounds of verbal roots, compounds involving adjectival relations, compounds involving conjunctive morphemes and compounds involving implied heads. 16
• Case-compound occurs without case-morpheme but indicating the case. 17
• Comparison-compound occurs without comparison-morpheme but indicating. 18
• Tense-compound is a combination of two words a noun after a verb root that indicates all three senses. 19
• Adjective-compound indicates the color, shape, measurement, taste, etc. of an object. 20
• Conjunction-compound is a combination of words where the conjunction-morpheme is under-mining. It is a compound of two or more nouns. Terms of measurement, enumeration, weight and numerals will stand compounding in this category. 21
• Elliptical-head-compound stands apart from the direct meaning the compounding words but indicates the head that has them. This formation occurs on the three kinds of compounds (of the six): adjective-compound, conjunctive-compound and case-compound. 22
• There the meaning stands on first or second or both words. 23
• All the compound formation of words are considered as one-form of word. 24
• Conjunction-compound in man-generic-class will be names or terms of persons. 25

Pathetic fallacies

• Poems speak the static object in coming and non-speaking beings speak. 26

Reduplications

• Euphonic terms reduplicate four times. 27
• Swift terms reduplicate three times. 28
• Some kind of empty morphemes reduplicate two times.
  • Examples: [kandiir kandiir] (=you see, see), [kondiir, kondiir] (=you bought, bought), [se’nr’athu, se’nr’athu] (=went, went), [poo’yirrtu, poo’yirrtu] (=gone aaway, gone away), etc. indicating interrogation. 29
• These empty morphemes, where they do not come in second person reduplicate as above.
  • Examples: [ke’ttai, ke’ttai] (=hear, hear), [n”intrai, n”intrai] (=stop, stop), [kaaththaI, kaaththai] (=protect, protect) and [kandai, kandai] (=look, look). 30

Tense

• Past, present and future are the tenses used in first, second and third persons being explicit and appellative (finite) verbs. 31
• All the finite verbs go in this way. 32
• Even if they come one after another, they can end with one subject. 33

Forms of incomplete significations

• Forms of incomplete significations are ten kinds: 1 (implied) exclusion, 2 adjectives, 3 adverbs, 4 (elliptical) suggestive-forms, 5 (implied) negation, 6 * elliptical conjunctive forms, 7 structural morpheme [e’na], 8 sentence ellipsis, 9 forms of inference and 10 euphonic (elliptical) forms. 34
• Among those the first one, implied exclusion marks the implication sense. 35
• Adverbs end with finite verb or appellative verb. If it ends with appellative verb, the cause of action should have been included. 36
• Adjective will be followed by a noun. 37
• Forms of elliptical suggestive will end with elliptical sense. 38
• Implied negation will be used to indicate negation. 39
• Elliptical conjunctive forms end in active voice. 40
• An elliptical conjunctive form after a present tense, will precede indicating future tense too; and a past tense indicating future tense too. 41
• Structural morpheme [e’na] will end with finite verb. 42
• The other three (among the ten defined above) forms of incomplete signification will not end with word but with sense, says the learned. 43
• It implies the tense in context. 44
• Sense will be implied before and after the infinite verb [e’na]. 45

Certain usages

• Words unfit for use in assembly will be expressed by substituted words that imply the sense. 46
• Retreated words will be substituted only from the usage. 47
• Three verbs, [ii], [thaa] and [kodu] indicate the sense of entreat. 48
• The verb [ii] is used by inferior person for the beneficiary. 49
• The verb [thaa] is used by the person in equal states. 50
• The verb [kodu] is used by the superior. 51
• The verb [kodu] that belongs to third person will also be used with first person. 52

Words beyond formulaic expressions

1. Dub-names, limb-names, ancestry-usage-names, accepted-usage-names, [manthiram] (=words of prayers), etc. could not be defined in formula. 53

Word-expression formulas

1. The verb [se’yyaay] in imperative mood will also come in active mood. 54
2. Morphemes [ii] and [ee’] assimilating with the ending consonant of a verb are used in second person mood. 55
3. Neologism found in usage through ages not to be discarded. 56
4. Part-word omitting phonemes will also have the full-fledged capacity. 57
5. All structural morphemes are to be considered as case-morphemes that differentiate the position of a noun. 58
6. Some literary participles are also come under the category above. 59
7. Adverbs assimilating with the verbs may also assimilate with the verbs having followed with some other interludes. 60

Extraordinary senses in formation

1. Some sense of meaning are inferred though discourse. 61
2. Comparative inference of meaning is also be accorded in context. 62
3. Defining class will not be separated. 63
4. Singular term denoting kinship can also be added plural name in human-generic-class. 64
5. Singular term in second person will also be implied to plural of that person in the ‘literature of guide-lines towards patrons’. 65

Residual formulas

1. Relevant terms will be found out for all kinds of usage from the formula spoken in this section, which are derived from the spoken language and literature find out. 66