Translation:Tolkappiyam/Sequence of sentence

by Tolkappiyar

use me to read Tamil

Source in Tamil

The first serial numbers at the end of the each translation of the verse, denote the serial number of the verse in the whole literature, the second one in the section and the third one in the chapter of source-book.

62 verses

Second section, verses 1-62

Tolkappiyam serial, verse 484-545

Translation

This chapter speaks on sequence of sentence in subject and predicate etc.

• Example to the verse, cited by Elamburanar, an interpreter to the literature ‘Tolkappiyam’ who belongs to 11th century A.D. and others is given indented star-mark.

Sequence of class and gender

• Words of names and verbs are in two forms: human generic class and non-human generic class 484/1
• The human generic class has three genders: masculine gender, feminine gender and human-plural gender 485/2
• The non-human generic has two genders: singular and plural 486/3
• The hermaphroditic ones of effete masculinity ([pee’di]) and celestial beings ([de’ivam]) will be changed to generic form of gender with concerned suffix 487/4
• Suffix [n] is identification to masculine gender in both subject and predicate 488/5
• Suffix [l’] is identification to feminine gender in both subject and predicate 489/6
• Suffix [r] is identification to human-plural gender in both subject and predicate 490/7
• Suffix [thu], [r’u] or [du] is identifications to singular in predicate 491/8
• Suffix [a], [aa] or [va] is identifications to plural in predicate 492/9
• The eleven suffix appear in predicate 493/10
• The suffix in predicate and the suffix in the subject should not be different 494/11
• The hermaphroditic ones of effete masculinity ([pee’di]) appears also with the masculine-suffix 495/12

Acceptable question and answer

• An answer to a question should be in response 496/13
• Responding question may also be an answer 497/14
• Different responding answer akin to a question may also be a right answer 498/15
• Question on comparison may be answered with ‘than’-class. 499/16

Usage

• A sentence may also be formed with the base of propriety and usage. 500/17
• Poetry, and not in worldly use, permits some non-relative adjectives. 501/18
• Do speak an object in nature by its beings (ruling characteristics). 502/19
• Things made must be described by their becoming (the variation it finds). 503/20
• The cause thereof proceeds the becoming (variation) of an object. 504/21
• No flaw where the object’s becoming without cause. 505/22
• Unidentified objects of gender and species will end in plural form of predicate. 506/23
• If it is spoken with a word ‘figure’ it would have accordingly. 507/24
• In speaking of pair objects, one can be taken of certainty. 508/25
• Attribution will be in the formation: quality-limb-object. 509/26
• Plural suffix to a noun denoting human species singular is a part of worldly usage. A noun form denoting plural in non-man generic class will become in usage without its suffix. 510/27

Persons

• The four Tamil verbs, denoting go[se’l], come[vaa], Hand[thaa] and offer[kodu] are assignable to first, second and third persons, so does the usage go. 511/28
• Among these four verbs, the first two verbs are used in first and second persons. 512/29
• The remaining two are used in third person only. 513/30

Interrogative pronouns

• The two pronouns [yaathu] and [e’van] (both denoting non-personal) seek to know identify the things unknown. 514/31
• Between these two, the pronoun [yaathu] may come to seek co-reference on known things. 515/32

Particle [um]

• Objects being added one by one will have the counting-particle [um] as suffix, in each. 516/33
• Things transient or non-existent too have the particle [um]. 517/34

Trades register. (Trader’s answer to a customer)

• This is available else that you asked (temptation answer to purchase) . 518/35
  • Customer Have you green gram? We have black gram.
• Say, the available category of other thing. 519/36
  • Trader: Yellow gram is available.
• Say, the available other thing. 520/37
  • Trader: This is available but grams.

Personal pronoun

• Personal pronoun, a co-referent to a proper noun does not occur ahead of the proper noun; it comes succeeding to refer, the learned says. 521/38
• In poetry, it comes ahead of proper noun. 522/39
• A demonstrative word will also come succeeding the predicate;
  • [[ithanaal]=therefore 523/40
• Proper noun should not precede Honorable title.
  • [See’ran Senguttuvan]. 524/41

Verb concord

• Normal epithets not indicating the same person will end in different verb. 525/42
• Noun denoting first person singular and nouns denoting non-human generic class may be counted together to have one predicate. 526/43
• Singular masculine noun [oruvan] and singular feminine noun [oruththi] never come with number of persons. 527/44
• A verb in the optative mood ends enumerating irrespective of generic class, gender and species. 528/45
• A common noun embodying strands of meaning will end in its own verb. 529/46
• Names in enumerating liner sequence will also go as above. 530/47
• Reduplicative word does not go unpaired. 531/48
• A name of designation by generic class, gender or species will go on majority of persons or things.
  • Teacher’s colony [aasiriyar kudiyiruppu] is a place where others are also living. 532/49
• A common name sometimes denotes its gender of species.
• They fought in war: here ‘they’ denotes masculine gender. 533/50
• In enumerating mood, in poetry form, words belonging to human generic class and non-human generic class mingle in a line end in collective mood. 534/51

Homonyms

• There are two classes of homonyms: taking same predicate end in different predicates and in one and the same predicate. 535/52
• The class that takes different predicate differs having different subjects on context and association. 536/53
• The class that takes one predicate unites having subjects applicable to it. 537/54
• The class that takes one predicate unites having subjects relevant to it. 538/55

Nature of utterance

• The addresser should formulate his utterance in terms well defined and manifest. 539/56
• These terms (do not having gender suffix) of human class are treated as non-human class along with human class: stature, masculinity, youth, oldness, slavery, strength, gusts, council, femininity, kingship, progenitor, infancy, hermaphrodite, limb being deformed, terms of endearment, terms of honor, terms of wrath, and terms of prowess – these 18 terms and others of their kind too – all feed on thought abstract. 540/57
• These terms are also added to the above category: time, world, soul, body, God of destiny, deed that bears fruit, the elements (earth, water, air, fire and sky), Sun, Moon, goddess of Gravity – do not having gender suffix. 541/58
• Without adding suffix, these terms do not refer human class. 542/59
• With suffix, they refer human class. 543/60

Assertion

• An assertion made, may point to implication cognate. 544/61

Limbs in pairs

• These are the names needs no plural-suffix: eye, shoulder and breast. 545/62