Travels and Discoveries in the Levant/Volume 1/Notes

by Charles Thomas Newton

NOTES.

¹ Engraved, C. Vasallo, Monumenti Autichi nel gruppo di Malta. Periodo Fenicio. Valletta, 1851, p. 17.

² In E. Gerhard's Archäologische Zeitung, Berlin, 1848, pp. 346-50), 362-67. See Archajologia of Soc. Ant. London, xxix. pp. 227-40, where views of these ruins are given.

³ Tacit. Hist. ii. 3. Maximus Tyriiis, Dissert. viii. § 8.

⁴ Delia Marmora, in Nouvelles Annales de Flustitnt de Correspondance Archéologique a Rome, i. p. 18.

⁵ G. Scharf, in Museum of Classical Antiquities, London, 18-51, i. p. 190, where this statue is engraved. Lebas, Voyage Archéologique, mon. fig.

⁶ Laborde, Le Parthenon, Paris, 1848, ii. pl. 25-27.

⁷ Revue Archéologique Paris, 1844, i. pl. i. Laliorde, Le Parthenon, ii. pi. 4.

⁸ Engraved in the Monumenti of the Roman Archaeological Institute, iv. pi. 44. Annali dell' Inst. Arch. Rom. 1847, p. 305. This statue was found at Teuea, near Corinth.

⁹ E. Gerhard, Sur les Monumens figurés existant en Grece. Rome, 1837.

¹⁰ See my remarks on these coins. Numismatic Chronicle, 1854, p. 29.

¹¹ For a fuller account of the Amphiaraïon, see Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, New Series, v. pp. 107-52; Dr. Preller, Oropos und Ampliiaraeion, in Bcrichteu d. k. Sächsischen Gesellschaft d. Wissenschaften, Philol. Hist. Classe. Lepsig, 1853, pp. 140-88; Rangabé, Antiquités Helléniques; Leake, Northern Greece, ii p. 441.

¹² Göttling, Neue Rhein. Mus. i. p. 161. Mure, Tour in Greece, ii. ji. 167. Annali dell' Inst. Arch. Rom. xvii. p. 168.

¹³ For the tombs at Doganlu, see J. R. Steuart, Description of some Ancient Monuments in Lydia and Phiygia, London, 1842, and other authorities, cited K. O. Miiller, Handbuch d. Archäologie d. Kunst, ed. Weloker, p. 304.

¹⁴ Zosimus, Hist. ii. 30 seq., 35 seq.

¹⁵ H. E. Dirksen, On the Building Act of the Emperor Zeno, Museum of Classical Antiquities, i. pp. 305-52.

¹⁶ Travels of Bertrandon de la Brocquiere (translation by Johnes), Hafod, 1807, p. 220.

¹⁷ Yon Hammer, Constantinopolis und d. Bosporos, Pesth, 1822, i. p. 385, calls this Kahrije Djamissi, and states that it was built by Justinian and restored by Theodore Metochita, Chancellor of Andronicus I.

¹⁸ For the history and topography of Lesbos, see S. L. Plehn, Lesbiacorum Liber, Berol. 1826, an excellent work; Zander, Beiträge zur Kunde d. Insel Lesbos, Hamb. 1827; Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, Lyons, 1727, ii. pp. 81-87; Pococke, Description of the East, London, 1745, ii. pt. 2, pp. 15-21; Prokesch von Osteu, Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Orient, Stuttgart, 1837, ii. pp. 771-79, iii. pp. 341-407; Boutan, Memoir sur Metelin, in the Archives des Missions Scientifiques, Paris, 1856, vol. v. pp. 273-364; Ἱστορικὸν ἐγκώμιον τῆς νήσου Λέσβου, by Stavraki Anagnostes, Smyrna, 1850. This last work, written by a native of Lesbos, contains some bad poetry in praise of the island, and a list of its villages, with occasional information about the antiquities.

¹⁹ Strabo, xiii. p. 617. Diodor. xui. 79. Longus, Pastoral. I. init.

²⁰ As for instance, Cnidus, Halicaruassus, Myndus. See Thueyd. i. 7.

²¹ Strabo, xiii. p. 617.

²² Aristotle. Thueyd. iii. 4, ὤρμουν ἐν τῇ Μαλέα πρός Βορέαν τῆς πόλεως. Cf. 6, ibid., and Grote, History of Greece, vi. p. 305, note 1.

²³ Plutarch, Vit. Pomp. 42. Longus, Pastor., init.

²⁴ Vitrnv. i. 6.

²⁵ Cic. contr. Rull. ii. 16.

²⁶ Such towers were probably used in the Greek islands from an early period. In Audros is a round tower certainly of the Hellenic period, with five stories above a chamber in the basement, a view of which is given in the folio plates to Lebas' Voyage Archéologique. Sec the description of it, L. Ross, Eeisen auf d. Griech. Inselu, ii. p. 13. There is a similar one in Naxos (ibid. p. 43).

²⁷ Böckh, Corpus luscript. Græc. Nos. 2172-4.

²⁸ Compare the Athenian dedication to the Nymphs by the πλυνεῖς, Böckh, Corp. Inscript. No. 455.
²⁹ Xenophon, Hist. Grsec. i. 6.
³⁰ Thueyd. iii. 3.
³¹ Pococke, ii. pt. 2, p. 15. Böckh, C. I. No. 2182. Pkhn, p. 218.
³² In the Dionysiac theatre at Athens several rows of chairs inscribed with the names of chief magistrates and priests have been recently discovered; casts of two of these may be seen in the Elgin Room of the British Museum. See also Böckh, C. I. 5-308, 5369, for the inscriptions in the theatre at Syracuse.
³³ Suidas, s. v. Λεσβώναξ Strabo, xiii. p. 617.
³⁴ See my History of Discoveries at HaUcaruassus, &c. p. 712.
³⁵ Ælian, Var. Hist. vii. 15.
³⁶ No. 216G.
³⁷ Strabo, xiii. p. 618. Plin. N. H. v. 31, § 39.
³⁸ See the description of this site in M. Boutan's Memoir on Mytilene. See also Prokesch von Osten, Deukwürdigkeiteu aus dem Orient, iii. p. 350.
³⁹ On the return of exiles to Lesbos in the time of Alexander the Great, see Böckh, C. I. No. 2166; Plehn, pp. 77, 78.
⁴⁰ Hence in the ancient Diræ the formula ἐμοὶ δὲ ὃσια. See my History of Discoveries, p. 723.
⁴¹ Archestrat. ap. Athenæum, iii. p. III, F.
⁴² This wall is described by M. Boutan in his memoir already cited, p. 318.
⁴³ Hist. Anim. v. 10, 2, and 13, 10.
⁴⁴ On this law of custom, see a memoir by Mr. Hawkins, in Walpole's Travels in Turkey, London, 1820, p. 392.
⁴⁵ Homer, Hymn, in Bacchum, 44. Ovid, Met. iii. 582. Apollod. iii. 5, § 3.
⁴⁶ Deiotarus is the name of two nilers of Galatia in the 1st century B.C. With the name Allobogiona may be compared Bogodiataros, the name of a Galatian chief (Strabo, xii. p. 567); Tolistobogii, one of the three principal tribes of Galatia; and Phuibagina, the name of a town among the Trocmi in the same province, according to Ptolemy.
⁴⁷ Strabo, xiii. p. 617. See the map in Plehn's work. M. Boutan places Ægiros at Xero Castro, near Parakoila, on the western side of the Gulf of Kalloni, where he found a Greek Acropolis, with polygonal masonry. He states that this place is still called Ægiros; but the situation does not the least correspond with the statement of Strabo that Ægiros was between Methymna and Mytilene.
⁴⁸ In another of these inscriptions a crown is decreed by the tribe
olis to Aristopahanes, son of Aristophon, on account of his public services. There is also mention of a temple of Athene.
⁴⁹ Froissart, ed. Buchon, xiv. p. 52, et seq. Finlay, History of Byzantine and Greek Empires, 1854, p. 573. ⁵⁰ For the coins of this family see B. Köhne, Memoires de la Société d'Archéologie et de Niimismatique de St. Pétersbourg, iii. p. 475, and iv. p. 110; Pindar und Friedländer, Beitriige zur Munzkunde, p. 29.
⁵¹ In addition to these arms, there is sculptured on a wall, a shield bearing the arms of Gatelusio, impaling the eagle of the Empire, with an augmentation in chief too defaced for identification: two crowned lions are supporters. On another part of the wall are sculptured the arms of Bembo of Venice.
⁵² Engraved Stuart's Athens, iii. pi. 45.
⁵³ This subject is repeated in the curious relief at Paros, engraved K. O. Miiller, Denkmaler d. a. Kunst, ed. Wieseler, Tav. 63, No. 814.
⁵⁴ Archäologische Zeitung, 1848, p. 109*.
⁵⁵ This inscription commences ὁ δᾶμος κατά χρησμόν.. The metrical lines which follow may therefore be the oracle itself
⁵⁶ Transactions of Royal Society of Literatiure, 2nd series, London, 1847, ii. p. 258.
⁵⁷ Since these remarks have been written, the site of the hill above Bournarbashi has been carefully examined by Mr. Calvert, who places here the ancient Gergithos (see his Memoir on the site of Gergithos, Archseological Journal, 1864, p. 48), and also by Dr. Von Hahn, who has made excavations here, and has discovered remains of an ancient acropolis, which he believes to be that of Troy. See his memoir, Die Ausgrabungen auf d. Homer. Pergamos. Leipzig, 1865.
⁵⁸ In the former of these inscriptions, Claudius is styled Sodalis Titius, as well as Augustalis. His titles are identical with those in an inscription from Pola. Henzen, luscript. Latin. Collectio. Turic. 1856, No. 5399.
⁵⁹ Poeocke, Travels, ii. pt. 2, p. 110.

⁶⁰ See Mr. Calvert's Memoir on Opliryninum, Archæological Journal, 1860, p. 291.

⁶¹ See Antiqnites du Bosphore cimmérien, St. Petersburg, 1854, Introduction, p. .37.

⁶² The vases found in the pithoi consisted of the following kinds:— Two-handled drinking-cups, of the shapes called kylikes and hothones. Flasks for oils and unguents (lekythi and aryhalli).
Figures occurred on several vases; the subjects were, in several cases, Dionysiac. On one of the lekythi was represented a figure driving a higa. In subject and drawing, this vase-picture resembled those of a late period found at Athens. All the cups were turned downwards, their mouths resting on the lower side of the pithos. The shallow cups contained bones and earth compacted together by pressure. With these vases were found two small bottles of blue glass inlaid with yellow, and a terra-cotta relief, 6 1/2 inches high, representing the upper half of a female figure, perhaps Aphrodite. On her head is a kind of crown, or tiara, from which a veil hangs down behind, over her shoulders. Round her neck is a necklace; her hands are placed one on each breast. This terra-cotta is in a good style, but rather carelessly executed. A fragment from a thin marble slab inscribed—

ΠΥΘΑ:ΑΠΕ
ΨΕΔΙΟ:ΠΥ.

⁶³ In the Villa Albani at Rome is a marble relief, representing the interview between Alexander and Diogenes. It is curious that the pithos in this relief is represented mended with rivets.

⁶⁴ It appears from Birch, Hist, of Pottery, i. 188, that similar pithoi were discovered in excavations on the site of old Dardanns, by Mr. J. Brunton. Many small lekythi, resembling those at Athens, and some early vases, have likewise been found there (ibid. ii. p. 115). Mr. Birch states (ibid.) that lekythi resembling those from Athens have been found at the supposed tomb of Achilles in the Troad.

⁶⁵ N. H. 34, c. 6, § 36, and ibid. c. 7, § 42, where the number of colossal statues at Rhodes is stated to be 100, not 300, as I have inadvertently cited it in the text.

⁶⁶ My information respecting this head is derived from Mme. Biliotti, the wife of M. C. Biliotti, British Vice-Consul at Scio, who remembers the head on her first arrival at Rhodes.

⁶⁷ Thevenot, Voyages dans le Levant, Eng. Transl. 1687, p. 117, states that he saw this head over the St. Catherine gate, but that, some years before his visit, it had been removed from the gate looking towards the den of the dragon, by which it is to be presumed that he means the Amboise gate. Other travellers state they saw the head over St. John's gate (see A. Berg, Die Insel Rhodus, Braunschweig, 1862, pt. i. p. 90). It is possible, therefore, that the head may have been shifted from gate to gate.

⁶⁸ L. Ross, Inscriptiones Græcææ Ineditæ, iii. No. 274. See his Reisen auf den Griechischen Inseln, iii. p. 84. After the destruction of the church of St. John by an explosion in 1856, this inscription was presented by the Pasha of Rhodes to H.E.H. the Prince of Wales on his visit to Rhodes.

⁶⁹ L. Ross, Reisen, iv. p. 56.

⁷⁰ A. Berg, Die Insel Rhodus, pt. ii. p. 44.

⁷¹ Ibid. pt. ii. pp. 60, 72.

⁷² Ibid. pt. ii. p. 38.

⁷³ From this inscription it appears that there were two knights of this name about the same period. The one was Turcopolier in 1500, and died in 1502, as we see by this inscription. The other was Bailiff of Caspe and Cantaniera, and also Bailiff of Eagle (in co. Line.) in 1513. He was sent at the close of the year 1517 into England to entreat aid against the Turks. Having obtained some assistance, he was returning to Rhodes, when he was driven by a tempest back to the coast of England, where he and his followers perished in August, 1552. Three original letters from him to Cardinal Wolsey,' in 1517, are preserved in Cotton MSS., Otho, C. ix.

⁷⁴ The form Λινδοπολίται in this inscription may be compared with kindred forms, Ross, Inscript. Ined. iii. No. 265.

⁷⁵ The name of this sculptor is not given in the list of Greek artists in H. Brunn's Geschichte.

⁷⁶ Guérin, Voyage dans I'ile de Rhodes, Paris, 1856, p. 169.

⁷⁷ Guillelmi Caoursin, Rhodiorum Vice-Cancellarii, Obsidionis Rhodie Urbis Descriptio, Ulm, 1496, p. 8. Cf Berg, pt. i. p. 56.

⁷⁸ Ross, Reisen, iii. p. 86.

⁷⁹ Ross, Archäologische Aufsätze, Leipsig, 1861, pt. ii. pp. 384-89.

⁸⁰ With these ornaments may be compared an ear-ring, found with Byzantine gold coins in the island of Calymnos, which is now in the British Museum.

⁸¹ Lucian. Pliilopseud. ed. Lehmann, c. 20.

⁸² Boss, Archaologische Aufsjitze, pt. ii. p. 393.

⁸³ Herod, ii. 182. Pliny, N.H. xix. 1, § 12. Diodoras, v. 58. Strabo, xiv. p. 655. Schol. ad Pindar. Olynip. vii. ed. Böckh, ii. p. 1.59.

⁸⁴ Ross, Inscriptiones Ineditæ, iii. No. 273.

⁸⁵ Ross, Reisen, iii. p. 73. Hamilton, Travels in Asia Minor, ii. p. 55. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 225, note.

⁸⁶ Ross, Reisen, iv. p. 67, calls this place Giannari; and in his map it is erroneously placed near Apolakkia. The name is pronounced Yannathi.

⁸⁷ The name Mesanagros is evidently μεσοναγρός, a place halfway between the two coasts. Compare Mesótopo, the name of a village in Mytilene.

⁸⁸ Compare ἀκρόλιθος.

⁸⁹ See the view of this wall, Berg, Rhodus, pt. ii. p. 151, where the ornaments are very inaccurately rendered.

⁹⁰ Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, i. p. 252.

⁹¹ The ruins on the shore are described, Ross, Reisen, iv. p. 62; Guérin, pp. 248-50.

⁹² W. J. Hamilton, Travels, ii. p. 61. Ross, Reisen, iii. p. 107. Guérin, pp. 261-65.

⁹³ Meursius, Rhodus, p. 85. Hesychius, s. v. ἄμβωνες.

⁹⁴ See ante, note 44.

⁹⁵ For the Anerades see Ross, Reisen, iii. p. 45; Meursius, Glossarium Græcco-barbarum, s. v. Νεράδες; Nymphse, Glossæ Græco-barbaræ, ἀγρωστίναι, νύμφαι ὄρειοι, νεράδες ὄρεινοι. It appears from G. von Hahn, Albanesische Studien, Jena, 1854, p. 163, that in Albania it is believed that men are sometimes born with tails resembling those of goats or horses. See ibid, on the belief in the βροκόλακο. Compare Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, Lyon, 1727, i. p. 158.

⁹⁶ In antiquity, one month, three months, and a year, were in like manner periods of mourning. See K. F. Hermann, Lehrbuch d. Griech. Privatalterthümer, § 39.

⁹⁷ Cotton MS. Otho, c. ix.

⁹⁸ For an account of these MSS., see Ross, Reisen, ii. pp. 187, 191; Guérin, Description de File de Patmos, Paris, 1856, pp. 101-20; Rev. H. O. Coxe, Report to H.M.'s Government on Greek MSS. in Levant, London, 1588.

⁹⁹ Ross, ii. p. 179.

¹⁰⁰ Sandys, Travels, London, 161.5, p. 89.

¹⁰¹ Ross, ii. pp. 136, 137.

¹⁰² On these coins, see Waddington, Revue Numismatique, Paris, 1856, p. 61. They were probably struck at Miletus.

¹⁰³ The connection of Calymna with lassos is shown by an inscription, Bockh, C. I. No. 2671.

¹⁰⁴ On this title see the authorities cited, K. F. Hermann, Lehrbuch d. Gottesdienstl. Alterthümer, § 35, n. 17.

¹⁰⁵ See the remarks on this type of Venus, Smith & Porcher, Discoveries at Cyrene, London, 1864, p. 96.

¹⁰⁶ See my History of the Budrum Expedition, pp. 590-1 ; Waddington, in Revue Numismatique, 1856, pp. 53-60.

¹⁰⁷ For a description and engravings of this tholos, see Ross, Archäologische Aufsätze, pt. ii. pp. 389-93, pi. v.; Archäologische Zeitung, 1850, jap. 241-44; Reisen, iii. 131, iv. p. 17.

¹⁰⁸ Theocr. Id. vii. 6. See Scholiast on this passage.

¹⁰⁹ Abeken, Mittelitalien, pp. 190-97. Bunsen, Beschreibung Roms, iii. 1, p. 259, et seq. E. Braun, RuLnen und Mus. Roms, p. 26. Cf Canina, Descr. di Tusc. pi. xiv. for a similar building at Tusculum.

¹¹⁰ See the reference cited ante, note 56. The subsequent exploration of the Necropolis near Kalavarda by Messrs. Biliotti and Salzmann, and the identification of this site with Kamii-os, will be noticed in the 2nd volume of this work.

¹¹¹ Ross, Inscript. Ined. iii. No. 277.

¹¹² Transact. Royal Soc. Lit. 2nd series, iii. p. 1.

¹¹³ Engraved, Berg, Rhodus, ii. p. 109. This relief has been since removed to the Pasha's konak at Rhodes, where I saw it in 1863.

¹¹⁴ Ross, Inscript. Ined. iii. No. 309.

¹¹⁵ Ibid, ii No. 175.

¹¹⁶ Ibid. No. 311. Plutarch, Quæst. Gr. 58.

¹¹⁷ Now in the British Museum.

¹¹⁸ Millingen, Ancient Unedited Monuments, pi. vii.

¹¹⁹ Ross, Inscript. Ined. iii. No. 303.

¹²⁰ Walpole, Memoirs relating to Turkey, p. 565.

¹²¹ Rhodes was celebrated in antiquity as the island of serpents, and it is certain that very large snakes have been seen there by credible witnesses at the present day; hence, perhaps, the origin of the legend of the dragon. Ross, Eeisen, iii. pp. 93-95, supposes this monster to have been a crocodile brought from Egypt in some ship—an improbable conjecture.
¹²² For views of this chapel and of the frescoes in the crypt, see Rottier, Monumens de Rhodes, pll. 58-67, c.
¹²³ Now in the British Museum. ¹²⁴ Now in the British Museum. ¹²⁵ See T. Wright, Narratives of Sorcery and Magic, i. p. 170, ii. pp. 90, 100, 161, 211, 283, for instances of this superstition.
¹²⁶ At the rate of 118 piastres to the pound sterling.
¹²⁷ I am glad to state that since these remarks have been written, the Smyrna hospital has been set in order.
¹²⁸ Ross, Reisen, iii. init.
¹²⁹ Ross, Reisen, iv. p. 10.
¹³⁰ Von Halm, Alban. Studien, p. 150, note, mentions this as an Albanian custom.
¹³¹ I am assured by Mr. Alfred Biliotti, British Vice-Consul at Rhodes, and by other credible persons resident in the Archipelago, that they have seen divers descend thirty fathoms. I cannot, however, hear of any well-authenticated instance of a diver remaining under water more than two minutes, if as much. See Spratt and Forbes, Lycia, ii. p. 125.
¹³² Spratt and Forbes, Lycia, ii. p. 1 27.
¹³³ See K. F. Hermann, Lehrbuch d. Gottesd. Alterth. § 19, 18.
¹³⁴ See the remarks on this type of Venus, Smith and Porcher, Cyrene, p. 96.
¹³⁵ K. F. Hermann, Lehrbuch d. Griech. Staats Alterth. § 142. ¹³⁶ This inscription is now in the British Museum, having been obtained for me by the kind intervention of a friend at Calyinnos in 1858.
¹³⁷Engraved with two other coats, one of which is Quirini of Venice, Ross, Reisen, ii. p. 92.
¹³⁸Ross, Inscript. Ined. ii. No. 179.
¹³⁹Birch, History of Ancient Pottery, i. p. 233.
¹⁴⁰Ross, Inscript. Ined. ii. No. 18O.
¹⁴¹These are probably the coins noticed by Borrell, Numismatic Chronicle, ix. p. 165.
¹⁴²For this word, see Leake's Travels in the Morea, i. p. 366, note; Meursius, Glossarium Grajco-Barbanim, s. v. μετόχιον
¹⁴³ Ross, Inscript. Ined. ii. No. 187.
¹⁴⁴ Pliny, N. H. v. § 36.
¹⁴⁵ On a visit to Rhodes in 1863, I was glad to hear that Manoli the Cassiote had ceased to reign in Calymnos, and that he had migrated to Budrum. Whether his exile was voluntary or decreed by ostracism, I could not learn.
¹⁴⁶ Classical Museum, v. pp. 170—201.
¹⁴⁷ Views on the Shores of the Mediterranean, by the Hon. Captain W. B. Devereux, R.N., 1817.

END OF VOL. I.

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