User:Anon20211807/sandbox

by Sejong the Great

訓民正音: Teaching of the Proper Sounds for the People

世_솅〮宗_조ᇰ御_ᅌᅥᆼ〮製_졩〮訓_훈〮民_민正_져ᇰ〮音_ᅙᅳᆷ

製졩〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮글〮지ᅀᅳᆯ〮씨〮니〮御ᅌᅥᆼ〮製졩〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮님〯금〮지〯ᅀᅳ샨〮그〮리라〮 訓훈〮은〮ᄀᆞᄅᆞ칠〮씨〮오〮民민ᄋᆞᆫ〮百ᄇᆡᆨ〮姓셔ᇰ〮이〮오〮音ᅙᅳᆷ은〮소리〮니〮訓훈〮民민正져ᇰ〮音ᅙᅳᆷ은〮百ᄇᆡᆨ〮姓셔ᇰ〮ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시논〮正져ᇰ〮ᄒᆞᆫ소리〮라〮

製졩〮 is to make writing, so 御ᅌᅥᆼ〮製졩〮 is writing by the king. 訓훈〮 is to teach, 民민 is the people, and 音ᅙᅳᆷ is sound, so 訓훈〮民민正져ᇰ〮音ᅙᅳᆷ is *The Teaching of the Proper Sounds for the People*.

國_귁〮之_징語_ᅌᅥᆼ〯音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮

國귁〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮나라〮히라〮之징ᄂᆞᆫ〮입〮겨〮지라〮語ᅌᅥᆼ〯는말〯ᄊᆞ미라〮

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮

(國귁〮 is country. 之징 is a particle. 語ᅌᅥᆼ〯 is speech.)

The language of the country

異_잉〮乎_ᅘᅩᆼ中_듀ᇰ國_귁〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮

異잉〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮다ᄅᆞᆯ씨라乎ᅘᅩᆼᄂᆞᆫ〮아〯모〮그ᅌᅦᄒᆞ〮논겨〮체ᄡᅳ〮는字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ㅣ라〮中듀ᇰ國귁〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮皇ᅘᅪᇰ帝뎽〮겨〯신나라〮히니〮우〮리〮나랏〮常쌰ᇰ談땀애〮江가ᇰ南남이〮라〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

中_듀ᇰ國_귁〮에〮달아〮

(異잉〮 is to be different. 乎ᅘᅩᆼ is a particle which is used in any part of speech. 中듀ᇰ國귁〮 is the country where the emperor is, which in our country's common speech call "kaŋnam". )

Differs from that of China,

與_영〯文_문字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮로〮不_부ᇙ〮相_샤ᇰ流_류ᇢ通_토ᇰᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮

與영〯는〮이〮와〮뎌〮와〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ겨〮체ᄡᅳ〮ᄂᆞᆫ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ㅣ라〮 文문은〮글〮와〮리라〮不부ᇙ〮은〮아니〮ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮相샤ᇰᄋᆞᆫ〮서르ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮流류ᇢ通토ᇰᄋᆞᆫ〮흘러〮ᄉᆞᄆᆞᄎᆞᆯ〮씨〮라〮

文문字ᄍᆞᆼ〮와〮로〮서르ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ디〮아니〮ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮

(與영〯 is a character that puts together this and that together. 文문 is writing. 不부ᇙ〮 is to not. 相샤ᇰᄋᆞᆫ〮 is each other. 流류ᇢ通토ᇰ is to flow through.)

and as such, it and written language are mutually incompatible.

故_공〮로〮愚_ᅌᅮᆼ民_민이〮有_ᅌᅮᇢ〯所_송〯欲_욕〮言_ᅌᅥᆫᄒᆞ〮야도〮

故공〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮젼ᄎᆡ〮라〮愚ᅌᅮᆼ는〮어릴〮씨〮라〮有ᅌᅮᇢ〯는이실씨〮라〮所송〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮배〮라〮欲욕〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮ᄒᆞ고〮져〮ᄒᆞᆯ씨〮라〮言ᅌᅥᆫ은〮니를씨〮라〮

이〮런젼ᄎᆞ〮로〮어린〮百ᄇᆡᆨ姓셔ᇰ〮이〮니르고〮져〮호ᇙ〮배〮이셔〮도〮

(故공〮 is cause. 愚ᅌᅮᆼ is to be unlearned. 有ᅌᅮᇢ〯 is to exist. 所송〯 is matter. 欲욕〮 is to intend to do. 言ᅌᅥᆫis to speak.)

As such, even when the unlearned populace have something to say

而_ᅀᅵᆼ終_쥬ᇰ不_부ᇙ〮得_득〮伸_신其_끵情_쪄ᇰ者_쟝〯ㅣ多_당矣_ᅌᅴᆼ〯라〮

而ᅀᅵᆼᄂᆞᆫ〮입〮겨〮지라〮終쥬ᇰ은ᄆᆞᄎᆞ〮미라〮得득〮은〮시를〮씨〮라〮伸신ᄋᆞᆫ〮펼씨〮라〮其끵ᄂᆞᆫ〮제〯라〮情쪄ᇰ은〮ᄠᅳ〮디라〮者쟝〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮노〮미라〮多당ᄂᆞᆫ〮할씨〮라〮矣ᅌᅴᆼ〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮말〯ᄆᆞᆺᄂᆞᆫ입〮겨〮지라〮

ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯제ᄠᅳ〮들〮시러〮펴디〮몯〯ᄒᆞᇙ노〮미〮하니〮라〮

(而ᅀᅵᆼ is a particle. 終쥬ᇰis end. 得득〮 is to gain. 伸신 is to open. 其끵 is oneself. 情쪄ᇰis desire. 者쟝〯 is person. 多당 is to be many. 矣ᅌᅴᆼ〯 is a particle that ends a sentence.)

Ultimately, many are unable to gainfully open up about one's intent.

予_영ㅣ爲_윙〮此_ᄎᆞᆼ〯憫_민〯然_ᅀᅧᆫᄒᆞ〮야〮

予영는〮내〮ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᆸ시〮논ᄠᅳ〮디〮시니〮라〮此ᄎᆞᆼ〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮이〮라〮憫민〯然ᅀᅧᆫ은〮어〯엿비〮너기〮실씨〮라〮

내〮이〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮爲윙〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮어〯엿비〮너겨〮

I, for the pitiable situation

新_신制_졩〮二_ᅀᅵᆼ〮十_씹〮八_바ᇙ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄒᆞ〮노니〮

新신ᄋᆞᆫ〮새〮라〮制졩〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮ᄅᆞ〮실씨〮라〮二ᅀᅵᆼ〮十씹〮八바ᇙ〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮스〮믈〮여들〮비라〮

새〮로〮스〮믈〮여듧〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮노니〮

(

newly made twenty-eight letters,

欲_욕〮使_ᄉᆞᆼ〯人_ᅀᅵᆫ人_ᅀᅵᆫᄋᆞ〮로〮易_잉〮習_씹〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮便_뼌於_ᅙᅥᆼ日_ᅀᅵᇙ〮用_요ᇰ〮耳_ᅀᅵᆼ〯니라〮

使ᄉᆞᆼ〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮ᄒᆡ〯ᅇᅧ〮ᄒᆞ〮논마〮리라〮人ᅀᅵᆫᄋᆞᆫ〮사〯ᄅᆞ〮미라〮易잉〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮쉬〯ᄫᅳᆯ씨〮라〮習씹〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮니길〮씨〮라〮便뼌은〮便뼌安ᅙᅡᆫᄒᆞᆯ씨〮라〮於ᅙᅥᆼ는〮아〯모〮그ᅌᅦᄒᆞ〮논겨〮체ᄡᅳ〮는字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ㅣ라〮日ᅀᅵᇙ〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮나〮리라〮用요ᇰ〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮ᄡᅳᆯ〮씨〮라〮耳ᅀᅵᆼ〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮ᄯᆞᄅᆞ미〮라〮ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮

사〯ᄅᆞᆷ마〯다〮ᄒᆡ〯ᅇᅧ〮수〯ᄫᅵ〮니겨〮날〮로〮ᄡᅮ〮메〮便뼌安ᅙᅡᆫ킈〮ᄒᆞ고〮져〮ᄒᆞᇙᄯᆞᄅᆞ미〮니라〮

and (now) desire to let everyone easily learn and improve their daily work.

ㄱᄂᆞᆫ〮牙_ᅌᅡᆼ音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ君_군ㄷ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並_뼈ᇰ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ면〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ虯_뀨ᇢㅸ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

牙ᅌᅡᆼᄂᆞᆫ〮어〯미라〮如ᅀᅧᆼ는〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞᆯ씨〮라〮初총發버ᇙ〮聲셔ᇰ은〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮라〮並뼈ᇰ〮書셩는〮ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮쓸〮씨〮라〮

ㄱᄂᆞᆫ〮엄〯쏘리〮니〮君군ㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮虯뀨ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

(

ㄱ is a dorsal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 君^[1], and written beside one another, they are like the initial sound of the character 虯^[2].

ㅋᄂᆞᆫ〮牙_ᅌᅡᆼ音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ快_쾡〮ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰ니〮라〮

ㅋᄂᆞᆫ〮엄〯쏘리〮니〮快쾡〮ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅋ is a dorsal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 快^[3].

ㆁᄂᆞᆫ〮牙_ᅌᅡᆼ音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ業_ᅌᅥᆸ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰ니〮라〮

ㆁᄂᆞᆫ〮엄〯쏘리〮니〮業ᅌᅥᆸ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㆁ is a velar sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 業^[4].

ㄷᄂᆞᆫ〮舌_쎠ᇙ〮音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ斗_두ᇢㅸ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並_버ᇙ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ면〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ覃_땀ㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮初총發버ᇙ〮聲셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

舌쎠ᇙ〮은〮혜〮라〮

ㄷᄂᆞᆫ〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮斗두ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮覃땀ㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

(舌쎠ᇙ〮 is tongue.)

ㄷ is a coronal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 斗^[5], and written beside one another, they are like the initial sound of the character 覃^[6].

ㅌᄂᆞᆫ〮舌_쎠ᇙ〮音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ呑_ᄐᆞᆫㄷ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅌᄂᆞᆫ〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮呑ᄐᆞᆫㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅌ is a coronal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 呑^[7].

ㄴᄂᆞᆫ〮舌_쎠ᇙ〮音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ那_낭ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㄴᄂᆞᆫ〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮那낭ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㄴ is a coronal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 那^[8].

ㅂᄂᆞᆫ〮脣_쓘音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ彆_벼ᇙ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並_버ᇙ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ면〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ歩_뽕ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

脣쓘은〮입시우〮리라〮

ㅂᄂᆞᆫ〮입시울〮쏘리〮니〮彆벼ᇙ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮歩뽕ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

(脣쓘 is lips)

ㅂ is a labial sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 彆^[9], and written beside one another, they are like the initial sound of the character 步^[10].

ㅍᄂᆞᆫ〮脣_쓘音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ漂_표ᇢㅸ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅍᄂᆞᆫ〮입시울〮쏘리〮니〮漂표ᇢㅸ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅍ is a labial sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 漂^[11].

ㅁᄂᆞᆫ〮脣_쓘音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ彌_밍ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅁᄂᆞᆫ〮입시울〮쏘리〮니〮彌밍ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅁ is a labial sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 彌^[12].

ㅈᄂᆞᆫ〮齒_칭〯音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ卽_즉〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並_버ᇙ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ면〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ慈_ᄍᆞᆼㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

齒칭〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮니〮라〮

ㅈᄂᆞᆫ〮니〮쏘리〮니〮卽즉〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮慈ᄍᆞᆼㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

(齒칭〯 is tooth.)

ㅈ is a sibilant sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 卽^[13], and written beside one another, they are like the initial sound of the character 慈^[14].

ㅊᄂᆞᆫ〮齒_칭〯音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ侵_침ㅂ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅊᄂᆞᆫ〮니〮쏘리〮니〮侵침ㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅊ is a sibilant sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 侵^[15].

ㅅᄂᆞᆫ〮齒_칭〯音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ戌_슈ᇙ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並_버ᇙ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ면〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ邪_썅ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅅᄂᆞᆫ〮니〮쏘리〮니〮戌슈ᇙ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮邪썅ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅅ is a sibilant sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 戌^[16], and written beside one another, they are like the initial sound of the character 邪^[17].

ㆆᄂᆞᆫ〮喉_ᅘᅮᇢ音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ挹_ᅙᅳᆸ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

喉ᅘᅮᇢ는〮모기〮라〮

ㆆᄂᆞᆫ〮목소리〮니〮挹ᅙᅳᆸ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

(喉ᅘᅮᇢ is throat.)

ㆆ is a laryngeal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 挹^[18].

ㅎᄂᆞᆫ〮喉_ᅘᅮᇢ音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ虛_헝ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮並_버ᇙ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ면〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ洪_ᅘᅩᇰㄱ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅎᄂᆞᆫ〮목소리〮니〮虛헝ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ니〮ᄀᆞᆯ〮ᄫᅡ〮쓰〮면〮洪ᅘᅩᇰㄱ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅎ is a laryngeal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 虛^[19], and written beside one another, they are like the initial sound of the character 洪^[20].

ㅇᄂᆞᆫ〮喉_ᅘᅮᇢ音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ欲_욕〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅇᄂᆞᆫ〮목소리〮니〮欲욕〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅇ is a laryngeal sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 欲^[21].

ㄹᄂᆞᆫ〮半_반〮舌_쎠ᇙ〮音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ閭_령ㆆ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㄹᄂᆞᆫ〮半반〮혀〮쏘리〮니〮閭령ㆆ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㄹ is a semi-coronal^[22] sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 閭^[23].

ㅿᄂᆞᆫ〮半_반〮齒_칭〯音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮니〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ穰_ᅀᅣᇰㄱ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮初_총發_버ᇙ〮聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅿᄂᆞᆫ〮半반〮니〮쏘리〮니〮穰ᅀᅣᇰㄱ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮처〮ᅀᅥᆷ펴〮아〮나〮ᄂᆞᆫ소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅿ is a semi-sibilant^[24] sound, one which is like the initial sound of the character 穰^[25].

ㆍᄂᆞᆫ〮如_ᅀᅧᆼ呑_ᄐᆞᆫㄷ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

中듀ᇰ은〮가온〮ᄃᆡ〮라〮

ㆍᄂᆞᆫ〮呑ᄐᆞᆫㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

(中듀ᇰ is middle.)

ㆍ is the middle sound of the character 呑^[26].

ㅡᄂᆞᆫ〮卽_즉〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅡᄂᆞᆫ〮卽즉〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅡ is the middle sound of the character 卽^[27].

ㅣᄂᆞᆫ〮侵_침ㅂ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅣᄂᆞᆫ〮侵침ㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅣis the middle sound of the character侵^[28].

ㅗᄂᆞᆫ〮洪_ᅘᅩᇰㄱ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅗᄂᆞᆫ〮洪ᅘᅩᇰㄱ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅗ is the middle sound of the character 洪^[29].

ㅏᄂᆞᆫ〮覃_땀ㅂ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅏᄂᆞᆫ〮覃땀ㅂ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅏ is the middle sound of the character 覃^[30].

ㅜᄂᆞᆫ〮君_군ㄷ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅜᄂᆞᆫ〮君군ㄷ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅜ is the middle sound of the character 君^[31].

ㅓᄂᆞᆫ〮業_ᅌᅥᆸ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅓᄂᆞᆫ〮業ᅌᅥᆸ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅓ is the middle sound of the character 業^[32].

ㅛᄂᆞᆫ〮欲_욕〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅛᄂᆞᆫ〮欲욕〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅛ is the middle sound of the character 欲^[33].

ㅑᄂᆞᆫ〮穰_ᅀᅣᇰㄱ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅑᄂᆞᆫ〮穰ᅀᅣᇰㄱ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅑ is the middle sound of the character 穰^[34].

ㅠᄂᆞᆫ〮戌_슈ᇙ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅠᄂᆞᆫ〮戌슈ᇙ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅠ is the middle sound of the character 戍^[35].

ㅕᄂᆞᆫ〮彆_벼ᇙ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮中_듀ᇰ聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

ㅕᄂᆞᆫ〮彆벼ᇙ〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ〮소리〮ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

ㅕ is the middle sound of the character 彆^[36].

終_쥬ᇰ聲_셔ᇰ은〮復_뿌ᇢ〮用_요ᇰ〮初_총聲_셔ᇰᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

復뿌ᇢ〮는〮다시〮ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮

乃냉〯終쥬ᇰᄀᅠ소리〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮다시〮처〮소리〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮ᄡᅳ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

For the ending sound, use the initial sound.

ㅇᄅᆞᆯ連_련書_셩脣_쓘音_ᅙᅳᆷ之_징下_ᅘᅡᆼ〯ᄒᆞ면則_즉〮爲_ᅌᅱᆼ脣_쓘輕_켜ᇰ音_ᅙᅳᆷᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

連련은〮니ᅀᅳᆯ〮씨〮라〮下ᅘᅡᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮아래〮라〮則즉〮은〮아〯ᄆᆞ〮리ᄒᆞ면〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞᆫ겨〮체〮ᄡᅳ〮ᄂᆞᆫ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ㅣ라爲ᅌᅱᆼᄂᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆞ욀씨〮라〮輕켜ᇰ은〮가ᄇᆡ〮야ᄫᆞᆯ〮씨〮라〮

ㅇᄅᆞᆯ〮입시울〮쏘리〮아래〮니ᅀᅥ〮쓰〮면〮입시울〮가ᄇᆡ〮야ᄫᆞᆫ〮소리〮ᄃᆞ외ᄂᆞ니〮라〮

ㅇ below a labial sound is a light-labial^[37] sound.

初_총聲_셔ᇰ을〮合_ᅘᅡᆸ〮用_요ᇰ〮호ᇙ〮디면〮則_즉〮並_버ᇙ〮書_셩ᄒᆞ라〮終_쥬ᇰ聲_셔ᇰ도〮同_또ᇰᄒᆞ니〮라〮

合ᅘᅡᆸ〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮어울〮씨〮라〮同또ᇰᄋᆞᆫ〮ᄒᆞᆫ가지〮라〮ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮

처〮소리〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮어울〮워〮ᄡᅮᇙ〮디〮면〮ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮쓰〮라〮乃냉〯終쥬ᇰㄱ소리〮도〮ᄒᆞᆫ가지〮라〮

In using multiple initial sounds together, the rule shall be to write them next to each other, and for ending sounds it shall be the same.

ㆍㅡㅗㅜㅛㅠ라〮附뿡〮書셩初총聲셔ᇰ之징下ᅘᅡᆼ〯ᄒᆞ고〮

附뿡〮는〮브틀〮씨〮라〮

ㆍ와〮ㅗ와〮ㅜ와〮ㅛ와〮ㅠ와〮라〮처〮소리〮아래〮브텨〮쓰〮고〮

ㆍ, ㅡ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅛ, and ㅠ are to be written beneath the initial sound,

ㅣㅏㅓㅑㅕ라〮附뿡〮書셩於ᅙᅥᆼ右ᅌᅮᇢ〯ᄒᆞ라〮.

右ᅌᅮᇢ〯는〮올〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀기〮라〮

ㅣ와〮ㅏ와〮ㅓ와〮ㅑ와〮ㅕ와〮라〮와〮ᄒᆞᆫ녀긔〮브텨〮쓰〮라〮

And ㅣ, ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅑ, and ㅕ are be written to the right of the initial sound.

凡_뻠字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ㅣ必_비ᇙ〮合_ᅘᅡᆸ〮而_ᅀᅵᆼ成_쎠ᇰ音_ᅙᅳᆷᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮

凡뻠은〮믈읫ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮必비ᇙ〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮모로〮매〮ᄒᆞ〮논ᄠᅳ〮디라〮成쎠ᇰ은〮일〯씨〮라〮

믈읫字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ㅣ모로〮매〮어우〮러ᅀᅡ〮소리〮이〯ᄂᆞ니〮

As all characters must be combined to make sound,

左_장〯加_강一ᅙᅵᇙ〮點_뎜〯ᄒᆞ면〮則_즉〮去_컹〮聲_셔ᇰ이〮오〮

左장〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮왼〯녀기〮라〮加강ᄂᆞᆫ〮더을씨〮라〮一ᅙᅵᇙ〮ᄋᆞᆫ〮ᆞᆫᄒᆞ나히〮라〮去컹聲셔ᇰ은〮ᄆᆞᆺ〮노ᄑᆞᆫ〮소리〮라〮

왼〯녀긔〮ᄒᆞᆫ點뎜〯을〮더으면〮ᄆᆞᆺ〮노ᄑᆞᆫ〮소리〮오〮

One dot on the left shall be ruled as being the departing tone^[38],

二_ᅀᅵᆼ〮則_즉〮上_쌰ᇰ〯聲_셔ᇰ이〮오〮

二ᅀᅵᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮둘〯히라〮上쌰ᇰ〯聲셔ᇰ은〮처〮ᅀᅥ미〮ᄂᆞᆺ갑〯고乃냉〯終쥬ᇰ이〮노ᄑᆞᆫ〮소리〮라〮

點뎜〯이〮둘〯히면〮上쌰ᇰ〯聲셔ᇰ이〮오〮

Two dots shall be ruled as being the rising tone

無_뭉則_즉〮平_버ᇙ聲_셔ᇰ이〮오〮

無뭉는〮업〯슬씨〮라〮平버ᇙ聲셔ᇰ은〮ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄂᆞᆺ가ᄫᆞᆫ〮소리〮라〮

點뎜〯이〮업〯스면〮平펴ᇰ聲셔ᇰ이〮오〮

no dots shall be ruled as the level tone,

入_ᅀᅵᆸ〮聲_셔ᇰ은〮加_강點_뎜〯이〮同_또ᇰ而_ᅀᅵᆼ促_쵹〮急_급〮ᄒᆞ니라

入ᅀᅵᆸ〮聲셔ᇰ은〮ᄲᆞᆯ리〮긋ᄃᆞᆮᄂᆞᆫ소리〮라〮促쵹〮急급〮은〮ᄲᆞᄅᆞᆯ씨〮라〮

入ᅀᅵᆸ〮聲셔ᇰ은〮點뎜〯더우〮믄〮ᄒᆞᆫ가지〮로ᄃᆡ〮ᄲᆞᄅᆞ니〮라〮

and entering tones shall be same in adding dots, but also fast.

漢_한〮音_ᅙᅳᆷ齒_칭〯聲_셔ᇰ은〮有_ᅌᅮᇢ〯齒_칭〯頭_뚜ᇢ正_져ᇰ〮齒_칭〯之_징别_벼ᇙ〮ᄒᆞ니〮^[39]

漢한〮音ᅙᅳᆷ은〮中듀ᇰ國귁〮소리〮라〮頭뚜ᇢ는〮머리〮라〮别벼ᇙ〮은〮ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡᆯ〮씨〮라〮

듀ᇰ國귁〮소리〮예〮니〮쏘리〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮齒칭〯頭뚜ᇢ와〮正져ᇰ〮齒칭〯왜〮ᄀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮요미〮잇ᄂᆞ니〮

ᅎᅠᅔᅠᅏᅠᄼᅠᄽᅠ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮用_요ᇰ〮於_ᅙᅥᆼ齒_칭〯頭_뚜ᇢᄒᆞ고〮

이〮소리〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮우〮리〮나라〮소리〮예셔〮열ᄫᅳ〮니〮혓〮그〮티〮웃니〮머리〮예〮다ᄔᆞ니〮라〮

ᅎᅠᅔᅠᅏᅠᄼᅠᄽᅠ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮齒칭〯頭뚜ᇢㅅ소리〮예〮ᄡᅳ〮고〮

ᅐᅠᅕᅠᅑᅠᄾᅠᄿᅠ字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮用_요ᇰ〮於_ᅙᅥᆼ正_져ᇰ〮齒_칭〯ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니〮

이〮소리〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮우〮리〮나라〮소리〮예셔〮두터ᄫᅳ니〮혓〮그〮티〮아랫〮니〮므유메〮다ᄔᆞ니〮라〮

ᅐᅠᅕᅠᅑᅠᄾᅠᄿᅠ字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ正져ᇰ〮齒칭〯ㅅ소리〮예〮ᄡᅳ〮ᄂᆞ니〮

牙_ᅌᅡᆼ舌_쎠ᇙ〮脣_쓘喉_ᅘᅮᇢ之_징字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮通_토ᇰ用_요ᇰ〮於_ᅙᅥᆼ漢_한〮音_ᅙᅳᆷᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

엄〯과〮혀〮와〮입시울〮와〮목소리〮옛〮字ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮中듀ᇰ國귁〮소리〮예〮通토ᇰ히〮ᄡᅳ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

訓民正音解例: The Proper Sounds for Instructing the People - Explanations and Examples

制字解: The Rules of the Characters Explained

天地之道 一陰陽五行而已

坤復之間爲太極 而動靜之後爲陰陽

凡有生類在天地之間者 捨陰陽而何之

故人之聲音 皆有陰陽之理 顧人不察耳

今正音之作 初非智營而力索

但因其聲音而極其理而已

理旣不二 則何得不與天地鬼神同其用也

正音二十八字, 各象其形而制之。 初聲凡十七字

牙音ㄱ, 象舌根閉喉之形

舌音ㄴ, 象舌附上腭之形

脣音ㅁ, 象口形

齒音ㅅ, 象齒形

喉音ㅇ, 象喉形

ㅋ比ㄱ, 聲出稍厲, 故加畫

ㄴ而ㄷ, ㄷ而ㅌ, ㅁ而ㅂ, ㅂ而ㅍ, ㅅ而ㅈ, ㅈ而ㅊ, ㅇ而ㆆ, ㆆ而ㅎ, 其因聲加畫之義皆同, 而唯ㆁ爲異

半舌音ㄹ, 半齒音ㅿ, 亦象舌齒之形而異其體, 無加畫之義焉

夫人之有聲, 本於五行。 故合諸四時而不悖, 叶之五音而不戾

喉邃而潤, 水也

聲虛而通。 如水虛明而流通也。 於時爲冬, 於音爲羽

牙錯而長, 木也

聲似喉而實, 如木之生於水而有形也。 於時爲春, 於音爲角

舌銳而動, 火也

聲轉而颺, 如火之轉展而揚揚也。 於時爲夏, 於音爲徵

齒剛而斷, 金也

聲屑而滯, 如金之屑𤨏 而鍛成也。 於時爲秋, 於音爲商

脣方而合, 土也。

聲含而廣, 如土之含蓄萬物而廣大也。 於時爲季夏, 於音爲宮

然水乃生物之源, 火乃成物之用, 故五行之中, 水火爲大

喉乃出聲之門, 舌乃辨聲之管, 故五音之中, 喉舌爲主也

喉居後而牙次之, 北東之位也

舌齒又次之, 南西之位也

脣居末, 土無定位而寄旺四季之義也

是則初聲之中, 自有陰陽五行方位之數也

又以聲音淸濁而言之。 ㄱㄷㅂㅈㅅㆆ, 爲全淸。 ㅋㅌㅍㅊㅎ, 爲次淸。 ㄲㄸㅃㅉㅆㆅ, 爲全濁。 ㆁㄴㅁㅇㄹㅿ, 爲不淸不濁

ㄴㅁㅇ, 其聲最不厲, 故次序雖在於後, 而象形制字則爲之始

ㅅㅈ雖皆爲全淸, 而ㅅ比ㅈ, 聲不厲, 故亦爲制字之始

唯牙之ㆁ, 雖舌根閉喉聲氣出鼻, 而其聲與ㅇ相似, 故韻書疑與喩多相混用

今亦取象於喉, 而不爲牙音制字之始

盖喉屬水而牙屬木, ㆁ雖在牙而與ㅇ相似, 猶木之萌芽生於水而柔軟, 尙多水氣也

ㄱ木之成質, ㅋ木之盛長, ㄲ木之老壯, 故至此乃皆取象於牙也

全淸並書則爲全濁, 以其全淸之聲凝則爲全濁也

唯喉音次淸爲全濁者, 盖以ㆆ聲深不爲之凝, ㅎ比ㆆ聲淺, 故凝而爲全濁也

ㅇ連書脣音之下, 則爲脣輕音者, 以輕音脣乍合而喉聲多也

中聲凡十一字

ㆍ舌縮而聲深 天開於子也

形之圓 象乎天也

ㅡ舌小縮而聲不深不淺 地闢於丑也

形之平 象乎地也

ㅣ舌不縮而聲淺 人生於寅也

形之立 象乎人也

此下八聲 一闔一闢

ㅗ與ㆍ同而口蹙 其形則ㆍ與ㅡ合而成 取天地初交之義也

ㅏ與ㆍ同而口張 其形則ㅣ與ㆍ合而成 取天地之用發於事物待人而成也

ㅜ與ㅡ同而口蹙 其形則ㅡ與ㆍ合而成 亦取天地初交之義也

ㅓ與ㅡ同而口張 其形則ㆍ與ㅣ合而成 亦取天地之用發於事物待人而成也

ㅛ與ㅗ同而起於ㅣ

ㅑ與ㅏ同而起於ㅣ

ㅠ與ㅜ同而起於ㅣ

ㅕ與ㅓ同而起於ㅣ

ㅗㅏㅜㅓ始於天地 爲初出也

ㅛㅑㅠㅕ起於ㅣ而兼乎人 爲再出也

ㅗㅏㅜㅓ之一其圓者 取其初生之義也

ㅛㅑㅠㅕ之二其圓者 取其再生之義也

ㅗㅏㅛㅑ之圓居上與外者 以其出於天而爲陽也

ㅜㅓㅠㅕ之圓居下與內者 以其出於地而爲陰也

ㆍ之貫於八聲者 猶陽之統陰而周流萬物也

ㅛㅑㅠㅕ之皆兼乎人者 以人爲萬物之靈而能參兩儀也

取象於天地人而三才之道備矣

然三才爲萬物之先 而天又爲三才之始

猶ㆍㅡㅣ三字爲八聲之首 而ㆍ又爲三字之冠也

ㅗ初生於天 天一生水之位也

ㅏ次之 天三生木之位也

ㅜ初生於地 地二生火之位也

ㅓ次之 地四生金之位也

ㅛ再生於天 天七成火之數也

ㅑ次之 天九成金之數也

ㅠ再生於地 地六成水之數也

ㅕ次之 地八成木之數也

水火未離乎氣 陰陽交合之初 故闔

木金陰陽之定質 故闢

ㆍ天五生土之位也

ㅡ地十成土之數也

ㅣ獨無位數者 盖以人則無極之眞 二五之精 妙合而凝 固未可以定位成數論也

是則中聲之中 亦自有隂陽五行方位之數也

以初聲對中聲而言之。

隂陽，天道也。

剛柔，地道也。

中聲者，一深一淺一闔一闢，是則隂陽分而五行之氣具焉, 天之用也。

初聲者，或虗或實或颺或滯或重若軽，是則剛柔著而五行之質成焉，地之功也。

中聲以深淺闔闢唱之於前，初聲以五音清濁和之於後，而為初亦為終。

亦可見萬物初生於地，復歸於地也。

以初中終合成之字言之，亦有動静互根隂陽交變之義焉。

動者，天也。

静者，地也。

兼互動静者，人也。

盖五行在天則神之運也，在地則質之成也，在人則仁禮信義智神之運也，肝心脾肺腎，質之成也。

初聲有彂動之義，天之事也。

終聲有止㝎之義，地之事也。

中聲承初之生，接終之成，人之事也。

盖字韻之要，在於中聲，初終合而成音。

亦猶天地生成萬物，而其財成輔相則必頼乎人也。

終聲之，復用初聲者，以其動而陽者乾也，静而隂者亦乾也，乾實分隂陽而無不君宰也。

一元之氣，周流不窮，四時之運，循環無端，故貞而復元，冬而復春。初聲之復為終，終聲之復為初，亦此義也。

旴，正音作而天地萬物之理咸備，其神矣㦲。

是殆天啓聖心而假手焉者乎。

訣曰: Summarized

天地之化本一氣

陰陽五行相始終

物於兩間有形聲

元本無二理數通

正音制字尙其象

因聲之厲每加畫

音出牙舌脣齒喉

是爲初聲字十七

牙取舌根閉喉形

唯業似欲取義別

舌迺象舌附上腭

脣則實是取口形

齒喉直取齒喉象

知斯五義聲自明

又有半舌半齒音

取象同而體則異

那彌戌欲聲不厲

次序雖後象形始

配諸四時與冲氣

五行五音無不協

維喉爲水冬與羽

牙迺春木其音角

徵音夏火是舌聲

齒則商秋又是金

脣於位數本無定

土而季夏爲宮音

聲音又自有淸濁

要於初發細推尋

全淸聲是君斗彆

卽戌挹亦全淸聲

若迺快呑漂侵虛

五音各一爲次淸

全濁之聲虯覃步

又有慈邪亦有洪

全淸並書爲全濁

唯洪自虛是不同

業那彌欲及閭穰

其聲不淸又不濁

欲之連書爲脣輕

喉聲多而脣乍合

中聲十一亦取象

精義未可容易觀

呑擬於天聲最深

所以圓形如彈丸

卽聲不深又不淺

其形之平象乎地

侵象人立厥聲淺

三才之道斯爲備

洪出於天尙爲闔

象取天圓合地平

覃亦出天爲已闢

發於事物就人成

用初生義一其圓

出天爲陽在上外

欲穰兼人爲再出

二圓爲形見其義

君業戌彆出於地

據例自知何湏評

呑之爲字貫八聲

維天之用徧流行

四聲兼人亦有由

人參天地爲最靈

且就三聲究至理

自有剛柔與陰陽

中是天用陰陽分

初迺地功剛柔彰

中聲唱之初聲和

天先乎地理自然

和者爲初亦爲終

物生復歸皆於坤

陰變爲陽陽變陰

一動一靜互爲根

初聲復有發生義

爲陽之動主於天

終聲比地陰之靜

字音於此止定焉

韻成要在中聲用

人能輔相天地宜

陽之爲用通於陰

至而伸則反而歸

初終雖云分兩儀

終用初聲義可知

正音之字只卄八

探賾錯綜窮深幾

指遠言近牖民易

天授何曾智巧爲

初聲解: The Initial Sounds Explained

正音初聲，卽韻書之字母也。

聲音由此而生，故曰母。

如牙音君字初聲是ㄱ，ㄱ與ᅟᅮᆫ而為군。

快字初聲是ㅋ，ㅋ與ㅙ而為쾌〮。

虯字初聲是ㄲ，ㄲ與ㅠ而為뀨。

業字初聲是ㆁ，ㆁ與ᅟᅥᆸ而為ᅌᅥᆸ之類。

舌之斗呑𫟛那，脣之彆漂步彌，齒之卽侵慈戌邪，喉之挹虗洪欲，半舌半齒之閭穰，皆倣此。

訣曰: Summarized

君快虯業其聲牙

The characters 君, 快, 虯, 業 are pronounced dorsally.

舌聲斗呑及𫟛那

The tongue pronounces the characters 斗, 呑, 𫟛, and 那.

彆漂步彌則是脣

The characters 彆, 漂, 步, 彌 therefore are labial.

齒有卽侵慈戌邪

The teeth have the sounds of the characters 卽侵慈戌邪.

挹虗洪欲迺喉聲

The characters 挹虛洪欲 are therefore of glottal sounds.

閭為半舌穰半齒

The character 閭 is semi-coronal, and the character 穰 is semi-dental.

二十三字是為母

These twenty three characters are the mother-sounds.

萬聲生生皆自此

All sounds therefore are birthed from here.

中聲解: The Middle Sounds Explained

中聲者, 居字韻之中, 合初終而成音。

如呑字中聲是ㆍ, ㆍ居ㅌㄴ之間而爲。　

卽字中聲是ㅡ, ㅡ居ㅈㄱ之間而爲즉。

侵字中聲是ㅣ, ㅣ居ㅊㅁ之間而爲침之類。

洪覃君業欲穰戌彆, 皆倣此。

二字合用者, ㅗ與ㅏ同出於ㆍ, 故合而爲ㅘ。

ㅛ與ㅑ又同出於ㅣ, 故合而爲ㆇ。

ㅜ與ㅓ同出於ㅡ, 故合而爲ㅝ。

ㅠ與ㅕ又同出於ㅣ 故合而爲ㆊ。

以其同出而爲類, 故相合而不悖也。

一字中聲之與ㅣ相合者十, ㅓㅢㅚㅐㅟㅔㆉㅒㆌㅖ是也。

二字中聲之與ㅣ相合者四, ㅙㅞㆈㆋ是也。

ㅣ於深淺闔闢之聲, 竝能相隨者, 以其舌展聲淺而便於開口也。

亦可見人之參贊開物而無所不通也。

訣曰:Summarized

母字之音各有中

須就中聲尋闢闔

洪覃自呑可合用

君業出卽亦可合

欲之與穰戌與彆

各有所從義可推

侵之爲用最居多

於十四聲徧相隨

終聲解: The Final Sounds Explained

終聲者，承初中而成字韻。

如卽字終聲是ㄱ，ㄱ居즈終而為즉。

洪字終聲是ㆁ，ㆁ居ᅘᅩ終而為ᅘᅩᇰ之類。

舌脣齒喉皆同。

聲有緩急之殊，故平上去其終聲不類入聲之促急。

不清不濁之字，其聲不厲，故用於終則宜於平上去。

全清次清全濁之字，其聲為厲，故用於終則宜於入。

所以ㆁㄴㅁㅇㄹㅿ六字為平上去聲之終，而餘皆為入聲之終也。

然ㄱㆁㄷㄴㅂㅁㅅㄹ八字可足用也。

如ᄇᆡᆺ곶為梨花，여ᇫ의갗為狐皮，而ㅅ字可以通用。

故只用ㅅ字。

且ㅇ聲淡而虗，不必用於終，而中聲可得成音也。

ㄷ如볃為彆，ㄴ如군為君，ㅂ如ᅌᅥᆸ為業，ㅁ如땀為𫟛，ㅅ如諺語옷〮為衣，ㄹ如諺語실〯為絲之類。

五音之緩急，亦各自為對如牙之ㆁ與ㄱ為對，而ㆁ促呼則變為ㄱ而急，ㄱ舒出則變為ㆁ而緩。

舌之ㄴㄷ，脣之ㅁㅂ，齒之ㅿㅅ，喉之ㅇㆆ，其緩急相對，亦猶是也。

且半舌之ㄹ，當用於諺，而不可用於文。

如入聲之彆字，終聲當用ㄷ，而俗習讀為ㄹ，盖ㄷ變而為軽也。

若用ㄹ為彆之終，則其聲舒緩，不為入也。

訣曰: Summarized

不清不濁用於終

為平上去不為入

全清次清及全濁

是皆為入聲促急

初作終聲理固然

只將八字用不窮

唯有欲聲所當處

中聲成音亦可通

若書卽字終用君

洪彆亦以業斗終

君業𫟛終又何如

以那彆彌次第推

六聲通乎文與諺

戌閭用於諺衣絲

五音緩急各自對

君聲迺是業之促

斗彆聲緩為那彌

穰欲亦對戌與挹

閭宜於諺不宜文

斗軽為閭是俗習

合字解: The Combination of Characters Explained

初中終三聲，合而成字。

初聲或在中聲之上，或在中聲之左。

如君字ㄱ在ㅜ上，業字ㆁ在ㅓ左之類。

中聲則圓者橫者在初聲之下，ㆍㅡㅗㅛㅜㅠ是也。

縱者在初聲之右 ㅣㅏㅑㅓㅕ是也。

如呑字ㆍ在ㅌ下，卽字ㅡ在ㅈ下，侵字ㅣ在ㅊ右之類。

終聲在初中之下。

如君字ㄴ在구下，業字ㅂ在ᅌᅥ下之類。

初聲二字三字合用並書，如諺語ᄯᅡ〮為地，ᄧᅡᆨ為雙，ᄢᅳᆷ〮為隙之類。

各自並書，如諺語혀〮為舌而ᅘᅧ〮為引，괴여〮為我愛人而괴ᅇᅧ〮為人愛我，소다〮為䨱物而쏘다〮為射之之類。

中聲二字三字合用，如諺語과〮為琴柱，홰〮為炬之類。

終聲二字三字合用，如諺語ᄒᆞᆰ為𡈽，낛〮為釣，ᄃᆞᇌᄣᅢ〮為酉時之類。

其合用並書，自左而右，初中終三聲皆同。

文與諺雜用則有因字音而補以中終聲者，如孔子ㅣ魯ㅅ사〯ᄅᆞᆷ之類。

諺語平上去入，如활為弓而其聲平，돌〯為石而其聲上，갈〮為刀而其聲去，붇〮為筆而其聲入之類。

凡字之左，加一㸃為去聲，二㸃為上聲，無㸃為平聲，而文之入聲，與去聲相似。

諺之入聲無㝎，或似平聲，如긷為柱，녑為脅。或似上聲如낟〯為穀。

깁〯為繒。

或似去聲，如몯〮為釘，입〮為口之類。

其加㸃則與平上去同。

平聲安而和，春也，萬物舒泰。

上聲和而擧，夏也，萬物漸盛。

去聲擧而壯，秋也，萬物成熟。

入聲促而塞，冬也，萬物閉蔵。

初聲之ㆆ與ㅇ相似，於諺可以通用也。

半舌有軽重二音。

然韻書字母唯一，且國語雖不分軽重，皆得成音。

若欲備用，則依脣軽例，ㅇ連書ㄹ下，為半舌軽音，舌乍附上腭。

ㆍㅡ起ㅣ聲，於國語無用。

兒童之言，𨘢野之語，或有之，當合二字而用，如ᄀᆝᄀᆜ之類，其先縱後橫，與他不同。

訣曰: Summarized

初聲在中聲左上

The initial sounds are written above or to the left of the middle sounds.

挹欲於諺用相同

The (initial sounds of the) characters 挹 and 欲, in our speech, are used interchangeably.

中聲十一附初聲

The eleven middle sounds, when being attached to the initial sounds,

圓橫書下，右書縱

The round and the horizontal are written below, to the right written are the vertical.

欲書終聲在何處

If one wants to write the final sound, where should it be placed?

初中聲下接着寫

Below the initial and the middle sound it should be attached and written.

初終合用各並書

When using together initials or finals, each are to be written aside one another,

中亦有合悉自左

And medials too, if such cases exist, are to be written all together from the left.

諺之四聲何以辨

In our speech, how are the four tones distinguished?

平聲則弓上則石

The level tone is that of the character 弓, the rising that of the character 石

刀為去而筆為入

The character 刀 is the parting, and 筆 is entering.

觀此四物他可識

Looking at these four things, other things can be made known.

音因左㸃四聲分

Based on the sound, dots on the left can differentiate the four tones.

一去二上無㸃平

One is parting, two is rising, none is level.

語入無㝎亦加㸃

In our speech, entering tones have no dots of their own but instead added like other tones;

文之入則似去聲

In reading Chinese characters, entering tones are the alike the parting tone.

方言俚語萬不同

As all local dialects and common speech are different,

有聲無字書難通

Whenever there existed sounds for which there were no characters to write had made communication difficult.

一朝制作侔神工

(However,) one morning, a work of divine craftsmanship was made,

大東千古開朦朧

And in the great nation of the East, the darkness of a thousand generations was parted.

用字例: The Use of the Characters Exemplified

初聲: Initial Sounds

ㄱ，如감〯為柿，ᄀᆞᆯ〮為蘆。

The initial sound ㄱ is the same as that in 감〯 as in persimmon, and ᄀᆞᆯ〮 as in reeds。

ㅋ，如우케〮為未舂稻，코ᇰ為大豆。

The initial sound ㅋ is the same as that in 우케〮 as in unchaffed rice, or 코ᇰ as in beans。

ㆁ，如러ᅌᅮᆯ〮為獺，서ᅌᅦ〮為流凘。

The initial sound ㆁ is the same as that in 러ᅌᅮᆯ〮 as in the Neoguri, or 서ᅌᅦ〮 as in an ice floe。

ㄷ，如뒤〮為茅，담〮為墻。

The initial sound ㄷ is the same as that in 뒤〮 as in belt, or 담〮 as in wall。

ㅌ，如고티〮為繭，두텁為 蟾蜍。

The initial sound ㅌ is the same as that in 고티〮 as in cocoon, or 두텁 as in toad。

ㄴ，如노로為獐，납為猿。

The initial sound ㄴ is the same as that in 노로 as in Noru deer, or 납 as in monkey。

ㅂ，如ᄇᆞᆯ為臂，벌〯為蜂。

The initial sound ㅂ is the same as that in ᄇᆞᆯ as in arm, or 벌〯 as in bee。

ㅍ，如파〮為葱，ᄑᆞᆯ〮為蠅。

The initial sound ㅍ is the same as that in 파〮 as in spring onion, or ᄑᆞᆯ〮 as in houseflies。

ㅁ，如뫼〯為山，마〮為薯藇。

The initial sound ㅁ is the same as that in 뫼〯 as in mountain, or 마〮 as in yams。

ㅸ，如사ᄫᅵ〮為蝦，드ᄫᅴ〮為瓠。

The initial sound ㅸ is the same as that in 사ᄫᅵ〮 as in shrimp, or 드ᄫᅴ〮 as in gourd。

ㅈ，如자〮為尺，죠ᄒᆡ〮為紙。

The initial sound ㅈ is the same as that in 자〮 as in measuring foot, or 죠ᄒᆡ〮 as in paper。

ㅊ，如체〮為籭，채為鞭。

The initial sound ㅊ is the same as that in 체〮 as in sieve, or 채 as in whip。

ㅅ，如손〮為手，셤〯為島。

The initial sound ㅅ is the same as that in 손〮 as in hand, or 셤〯 as in island。

ㅎ，如부〮허ᇰ為鵂鶹，힘〮為筋。

The initial sound ㅎ is the same as that in 부〮허ᇰ as in owl, or 힘〮 as in strength。

ㅇ，如비〮육為鷄雛，ᄇᆞ〮얌為蛇。

The initial sound ㅇ is the same as that in 비〮육 as in chick, or ᄇᆞ〮얌 as in snake。

ㄹ，如무〮뤼為雹，어름〮為氷。

The initial sound ㄹ is the same as that in 무〮뤼 as falling hail, or 어름〮 as in ice。

ㅿ，如아ᅀᆞ為弟，너〯ᅀᅵ為鴇。

The initial sound ㅿ is the same as that in 아ᅀᆞas in younger brother, or 너〯ᅀᅵas in the Neushi bird。

中聲: Middle Sounds

ㆍ，如ᄐᆞᆨ〮為頤，ᄑᆞᆺ〮為小豆，ᄃᆞ리為橋，ᄀᆞ〮래為楸。

The middle sound ㆍ is the same as that in ᄐᆞᆨ〮 as in chin, ᄑᆞᆺ〮 as in peas, ᄃᆞ리 as in leg, or ᄀᆞ〮래 as in Garae tree。

ㅡ，如믈〮為水，발〮측〮為跟，그력為雁，드레〮為汲器。

The middle sound ㅡ is the same as that in 믈〮 as in water, 발〮측〮 as in heel, 그력 as in wild geese, or 드레〮 as in bucket。

ㅣ，如깃〮為巢，밀〯為蠟，피〮為稷，키〮為箕。

The middle sound ㅣ is the same as that in 깃〮 as in nest, 밀〯 as in wax, 피〮 as in millet, or 키〮 as in winnowing basket。

ㅗ，如논〮為水田，톱〮為鉅，호ᄆᆡ〮為鉏，벼로〮為硯。

The middle sound ㅗ is the same as that in 논〮 as in rice paddy, 톱〮 as in saw, 호ᄆᆡ〮 as in handhoe, or 벼로〮 as in inkstone。

ㅏ，如밥〮為飯，낟〮為鎌，이ᅌᅡ〮為綜，사ᄉᆞᆷ〮為鹿。

The middle sound ㅏ is the same as that in 밥〮 as in a meal, 낟〮 as in scythe, 이ᅌᅡ〮 as in heddle, or 사ᄉᆞᆷ〮 as in deer。

ㅜ，如숫為炭，울〮為籬，누에〮為蠶，구리〮為銅。

The middle sound ㅜ is the same as that in 숫 as in charcoal, 울〮 as in fence, 누에〮 as in silkworms, or 구리〮 as in copper。

ㅓ，如브ᅀᅥᆸ為竈，널〯為板，서리〮為霜，버들〮為柳。

The middle sound ㅓ is the same as that in 브ᅀᅥᆸ as in kitchen, 널〯 as in a board of wood, 서리〮 as in frost, or 버들〮 as in willow tree。

ㅛ，如죠ᇰ〯為奴，고〮욤為梬，쇼〮為牛，삽됴為蒼朮菜。

The middle sound ㅛ is the same as that in 죠ᇰ〯 as in slave, 고〮욤 as in date-plum tree, 쇼〮 as in cow, or 삽됴 as in Sapju herb

ㅑ，如남샤ᇰ為龜，약為𪓟鼊，다야〮為𠤷，쟈감為蕎麥皮。

The middle sound ㅑ is the same as that in 남샤ᇰ as in turtle, 약 as in tortoise, 다야〮 as in washbasin, or 쟈감 as in buckwheat shells。

ㅠ，如율믜為薏苡，쥭為飯𣖄，슈룹〮為雨繖，쥬련為帨。

The middle sound ㅠ is the same as that in 율믜 as in adlay millet, 쥭 as in rice paddle, 슈룹〮 as in umbrella, or 쥬련 as in handkerchief。

ㅕ，如엿〮為飴餹，뎔為佛寺，벼為稻，져〯비為燕。

The middle sound ㅕ is the same as that in 엿〮 as in toffee, 뎔 as in a Buddhist temple, 벼 as in rice, or 져〯비 as in swallow。

終聲: Final Sounds

ㄱ，如닥為楮，독為甕。

The final sound ㄱ is the same as that in 닥 as in mulberry, or 독 as in pottery。

ㆁ，如굼〯버ᇰ為 蠐螬，올〮차ᇰ為蝌蚪。

The final sound ㆁ is the same as that in 굼〯버ᇰ as in beetle grub, or 올〮차ᇰ as in tadpole。

ㄷ，如갇〮為笠，싣為楓。

The final sound ㄷ is the same as that in 갇〮 as in hat, or 싣 as in maple tree。

ㄴ，如신〮為屨，반〮되為螢。

The final sound ㄴ is the same as that in 신〮 as in shoes, or 반〮되 as in fireflies。

ㅂ，如섭為薪，굽〮為蹄。

The final sound ㅂ is the same as that in 섭 as in firewood, or 굽〮 as in hoof。

ㅁ，如범〯為虎，ᄉᆡᆷ〯為泉。

The final sound ㅁ is the same as that in 범 as in tiger, or ᄉᆡᆷ〯 as in a spring of water。

ㅅ，如잣〯為海松，못〮為池。

The final sound ㅅ is the same as that in 잣〯 as in the pine nuts, or 못〮 as in pond。

ㄹ，如ᄃᆞᆯ〮為月，별〯為星之類。

The final sound ㄹ is the same as that in ᄃᆞᆯ〮 as in moon, or 별〯 as in star。

鄭麟趾 後序: Jeong In-ji's Closing Remarks

有天地自然之聲, 則必有天地自然之文.

As there is natural speech in this world, there must be natural writing in this world.

所以古人因聲制字, 以通萬物之情, 以載三才之道, 而後世不能易也.

Following this, old men have made characters bound by sound, contained within them the nature of all matter within the (which is to say the paths of the three elements^[40]), and this is a matter that cannot be changed by future generations.

然四方風土區別, 聲氣亦隨而異焉.

But as the customs of the land differ across all four corners of the earth, speech as well are different.

蓋外國之語, 有其聲而無其字.

Usually languages of foreign nations ^[41] have different languages but do not have writing.

假中國之字以通其用, 是猶枘鑿之鉏鋙也, 豈能達而無礙乎.

As such, the characters of China are used, but that is in fact akin to fitting a square tool handle in a round hole, so how would such be possible without difficulty?

要皆各隨所處而安, 不可强之使同也.

To the needs of each adherence brings ease, therefore it is impossible to force everyone into conformity.

吾東方禮樂文章, 侔擬華夏, 但方言俚語, 不與之同.

We to the East of China have traditions, culture, and customs that are comparable to the Chinese people, but in language, we are different.

學書者患其旨趣之難曉, 治獄者病其曲折之難通.

The learned worry of its difficulty in instruction, and those who rule ail from twisted and difficult communication.

昔新羅薛聰, 始作吏讀, 官府民間, 至今行之.

Before, Seok Chong of Silla devised the Idu System, which government officials and the civil population to this day use.

然皆假字而用, 或澁或窒.

However, as it uses Chinese characters, there are annoyances and limitations.

非但鄙陋無稽而已, 至於言語之間, 則不能達其萬一焉.

It is howevermore also superficial and baseless, and in modern communication, it is unable to communicate even the most simple things.

癸亥冬, 我殿下創制正音二十八字, 略揭例義以示之, 名曰訓民正音.

In the winter of the Water-Pig year ^[42], His Majesty has created the 28 letters of the Hunminjeong'eum System, briefly demonstrated examples, and named it as the Hunminjeong'eum.

象形而字倣古篆, 因聲而音叶七調.

Its form is that of the scripts of old^[43] but it is bound to sounds and to the seven articulations.

三極之義, 二氣之妙, 莫不該括.

In both the order of three elements^[44], the mystery of two energies^[45], it encompasses all.

以二十八字而轉換無窮, 簡而要, 精而通.

The mutations of the 28 characters are infinite, easy to write, and easy to communicate meaning.

故智者不終朝而會, 愚者可浹旬而學.

As such, a smart man need not more than the morning to learn, and even a fool can learn it in ten days.

以是解書, 可以知其義. 以是聽訟, 可以得其情.

With this, books can be understood and know its intent. With this, lawsuits in a court of law can have its details be gleaned.

字韻則淸濁之能辨, 樂歌則律呂之克諧.

With this, the specific sounds of a Chinese character are made clear, and a song's melodies are made harmonious.

無所用而不備, 無所往而不達.

It falls short nowhere in use.

雖風聲鶴唳, 鷄鳴狗吠, 皆可得而書矣.

Be it the sound of the wind blowing, a crane crowing, a rooster clucking, a dog barking, it can all be written.

遂命詳加解釋, 以喩諸人.

But only now were we ordered to add a more detailed explanation so that all would understand.

於是, 臣與集賢殿應敎臣崔恒,

Because of this, a humble servant of His Majesty, with Choe Hang the Eung-gyo^[46] of the Hall of Gathered Wisdom^[47]

副校理臣朴彭年, 臣申叔舟,

The Vice Royal Scribes Pak Paengnyeon and Sin Sukju,

修撰臣成三問, 敦寧府注簿臣姜希顔,

Court Historian Seong Sam-mun, Gang Hui-an from the Ministry of Royal Affairs,

行集賢殿副修撰臣李塏, 臣李善老等,

Acting Vice Historian of the Hall of Gathered Wisdom Yi Gae, a servant of His Majesty Yi Hyeon-ro, among others,

謹作諸解及例, 以敍其梗槩.

Created all examples here, and recorded a summary of them here.

庶使觀者不師而自悟.

The masses reading this need not teachers and should be able to attain understanding of this book themselves.

若其淵源精義之妙, 則非臣等之所能發揮也.

But its origins and the peculiarities of its natures are indeed not something us mere servants are unable to express.

恭惟我殿下, 天縱之聖, 制度 施爲超越百王.

It is my humble opinion that His Majesty a saint appointed from heaven, whose lawmaking and generosity exceeds that of any prior kings.

正音之作, 無所祖述, 而成於自然.

The creation of the Hunminjeong'eum was not of any prior works but something that he created naturally.

豈以其至理之無所不在, 而非人爲之私也.

Truly, its rationality falls short besides none, and it is also objective and natural.

夫東方有國, 不爲不久, 而開物成務之大智, 蓋有待於今日也歟.

For long there has been a nation in the East, and it is not to say that the Korean nation is young, but since the founding of the nation, among all the wise who worked to create, they are indeed overshadowed today by him.

正統十一年九月上澣

On the 10th day of the ninth month of the eleventh year of Emperor Zhengtong,

資憲大夫 禮曹判書 集賢殿大提學 知春秋館事 世子右賓客 臣 鄭麟趾 拜手稽首謹書.

A Helpful Servant of His Majesty, Minister of Rites, The Grand Chief Scholar of the Hall of Gathered Wisdom, Court Historian, and tutor of the Crown Prince, the humble servant Jeong In-ji gathers his hands in a bow and lowers his head in genuflection as he writes in reverence.

Notes

1. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /kɨun/
2. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ɡiɪu/
3. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /kʰˠuaiH/
4. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ŋɨɐp̚/
5. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /təuX/
6. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /dʌm/
7. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /tʰən/
8. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /nɑX/
9. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /piᴇiH/
10. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /buoH/
11. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /pʰiᴇu/
12. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /miᴇ/
13. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /t͡sɨk̚/
14. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /d͡zɨ/
15. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /t͡sʰiɪm/
16. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /siuɪt̚/
17. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /zia/
18. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ʔiɪp̚/
19. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /hɨʌ/
20. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ɦuŋ/
21. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /jɨok̚/. It is uncertain whether King Sejong was in fact referring to /j/ or a null initial.
22. Most likely intended to mean "lateral"
23. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /lɨʌ/
24. The intended manner or place of articulation is unclear.
25. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ȵɨɐŋ/, but it is unclear whether this was the pronunciation familiar to Korean scholars at this time period. Another notable reconstruction for ㅿ is /z/
26. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /tʰən/, but /ʌ/ is another notable reconstruction for ㆍ.
27. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /t͡sɨk̚/
28. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /t͡sʰiɪm/
29. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ɦuŋ/, but /o/ is another notable reconstruction for ㅗ as it is the modern-day reading.
30. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /dʌm/, but /a/ is another notable reconstruction for ㅏ as it is the modern-day reading.
31. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /kɨun/, but /u/ is another notable reconstruction for ㅜ as it is the modern-day reading.
32. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ŋɨɐp̚/, but /ə/ is another notable reconstruction.
33. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /jɨok̚/
34. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ȵɨɐŋ/
35. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /ɕɨoH/
36. The Middle Chinese reconstruction Pronunciation is /piᴇiH/
37. Most likely referring to labial fricative sounds such as /f/ or /v/.
38. See Four tones (Middle Chinese)
39. The next four lines are not present in the Haerye version, and only present in the Oenhae version.
40. "Heaven, Earth, Man
41. relative to China
42. Winter of the 60th year of the w:Sexagenary cycle, 1443
43. Scholars debate the nature of the script referred to here. Theories include earlier forms of Chinese characters, Non-Idu writing systems devised in Korea prior, 'Phags-pa, Siddham script, or another writing system not known today.
44. Heaven, Earth, Man
45. Yin and Yang
46. Literally "Responding Instruction", the Eung-gyo were responsible for answering questions that the king had in a Confucian royal court.
47. A more accurate translation of w:Hall of Worthies.