1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pisan, Christine de

PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364–c. 1430), French poet, of Italian birth, was born at Venice in 1364. When she was four years old she was brought to her father, a councillor of the Venetian Republic, in Paris, where he held office as astrologer to Charles V. At fifteen Christine married Etienne du Castel, who became Charles's notary and secretary. After the king's death in 1 380 her father lost his appointment, and died soon after; and when Christine's husband died in 1389 she found herself without a protector, and with three children depending on her. This determined her to have recourse to letters as a means of livelihood Her first ballads were written to the memory of her husband, and as love poems were the fashion she continued to write others-lois, urelais, rondeoux and jeux d vendre-though she took the precaution to assure her readers (Cent bolodes, No. 50) that they were merely exercises. In 1399 she began to study the Latin poets, and between that time and 1405, as she herself declares, she composed some fifteen important works, chiefly in prose, besides minor pieces. The earl of Salisbury, who was in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Richard II. with Isabella of France (1396), took her elder son, Jean du Castel (b. 1384), and reared him as his own, the boy, after Sa11sbury's death (1400) being received by Philip of Burgundy, at whose desire C hr1st1ne wrote Le Livre des foztz et bonnes mzeurs du sayge roy Charles^[1] (1405), valuable as a first-hand picture of Charles V. and his court. Her Mutation de fortuue, in which she finds room for a great deal of history and philosophy, was presented to the same patron on New Year's Day, 1404. It possesses an introduction of great autobiographical interest. In Lo Vision (140 5) she tells her own history, by way of defence against those who objected to her pretensions as a morahst. Henry IV. of England desired her to make his court her home, and she received a like invitation from Galeazzo Visconti, tyrant of Milan. She preferred, how ever, to remain in France, where she enjoyed the favour of Charles VI, the dukes of Berry and Burgundy, the duchess of Bourbon and others.

Christine was a champion of her own sex. In her Dit de la rose (1402) she describes an order of the rose, the members of which bind themselves by vow to defend the honour of women. Her Epitre au dieu d'amour (1399) is a defence of women against the satire of Jean de Meun, and initiated a prolonged dispute with two great scholars of her time, Jean de Montreuil (d. 1415) and Gonthier Col, who undertook the defence of the Roman de lo rose. Christine wrote about 1407 two books for women, Lo Cité des domes and Le Livre des trois vertus, or Le Trésor de la czté des domes. She was devoted to her adopted country. During the civil wars she wrote a Lomeutatiou (1410) and a Livre de lo paix (1412–1413), but after the disasters of the campaign of Agincourt she retired to a convent. We have no more of her work until 1429, when she broke her silence to write a song in honour of Joan of Arc. Of the circumstances of her death nothing is known but it probably took place about this time. Her Cité des domes contains many interesting contemporary portraits, and her Lfivre des trois 'vertus contains details of domestic life in the France of the early 15th century not supplied by more formal historians.

Her poems were edited by Maurice Roy for the Société des anciens Textes français (1886, &c.), and her Lwre du ehemm du long éstude, by Puschel (Berlin, 1887). Thele are monographs by Ralmond Thomassy (Paris, 1838); E. M D. Roblneau (Saint-Omer, 1882); and Friedrich Koch (Goslar, 1885) It is possible that jean Castel, who was chronicler of France under Louis XI., was Chr1st1ne's grandson Hoccleve imitated her Epitre au dzeu d'omour, in his " Letter of Cupid " (Chaucerzon and other Pieces, ed. W. W Skeat, 1897). A translation of her Epttre d'Othéo was made (c 1440) by Stephen Scrope for his stepfather, Sir John Fastolf, and is preserved in a MS. at Longleat. This was edited (1904) for the Roxburghe Club by W. G. F. Warner as The Epistle of Otlzeo to Hector, Or the Bake of Knygltlhode The Moral Prozerbs of Chrzstyne de Ptse, translated by Earl Rivers, was printed in 1478 by Caxton, who himself translated, by order of Henry VII, her Lwre des faitz d'ormes, et de chevaleme, a treatise on the art of war, based chiefly on Vegetlus. Her Cité des domes was translated by Brian Anslay (London, 1521).

1. See C. B. Petitot, Collection complete des mémoires relatifs d Vhzstotre de France (1st series. vols. v. and vi.. 1819, &c.).