Creation by Evolution/Index

Layout 2

INDEX

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Abreu, Madame, observations of behaviour of apes by	303, 308–309
Abyssinia, butterflies from	184
Adaptive radiation, definitions of	157, 330
Africa, ant from, figure showing	221
butterflies of	184
elephants of	238
Africa, South, Permian climate of	285
Agassiz, Louis, cited	69, 102, 103
Alaska, former connection of, with Siberia	86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
remains of horses found in	230
Alga, figures showing	146
Allantois, advantages of evolution of	331
Allen, Joel A., cited	7
Amauris niavius, figure showing	184
Amazon region, butterflies of	180
Amnion, advantages of evolution of	331
Amoeba, nature of	145
studies of evolutionary changes in	26–33
views of	27
Amphibia, features and habits of	259, 279–280
origin of	278–281
Amphioxus, reference to	274, 332
Ancestral features of embryo, discrimination of	70–71
Anchitherium, geological age of	226
Andrews, Roy C, cited	287
Animals, development of structure of	124–127
domestic breeding of, significance of	112
earliest known	257
evolutionary increase in size and efficiency of	328–332
expressions of emotions of	295
geographic distribution of	81–101
Ant, figure showing Tertiary form of	215
vestigial wings of	35, 36
Ants, colony of, figure showing	218
distribution of	217–218
diversity in form and habits of	218–219
evolution of, chapter on	210–224
feeding habits of	219
figures showing	215, 217–222
fossil, study of	214–216
fungus chamber of, figure showing	219
habits of	217–218
Ants, modification of forms of	222–223
sexual trimorphism of	216
social organization of	218–219
social parasitism of	220–221
subfamilies of	216–217
structure and behaviour of, modification of, by evolution	222
Ape-fissure, reference to	322
Ape-man of Trinil, features of	134, 266
Apes, dentition of	44
figures showing	297, 300, 302, 304
genealogical relations of, to man	21–22
human side of	293–310
skulls of, features of	133
Apteryx, flightless bird of New Zealand, reference to	99
vestigial wings of	38
Arachnida, general features of	51
Archaeopteryx, form and features of	251–253
reference to	18, 368
restoration of	251
Archaeornis, reference to	263
Archaeozoic era, length of	161
Argentina, fossils of	87
Aristotle, reference to	140
Arthropoda, general features and subdivisions of	50–51
Asia, former connection of, with North America	86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
Asiatic islands, geology and zoology of	93–94
Atomic evolution, phases of	358–361
Australia, ant from, figure showing	217
zoological isolation of	85–86
Backboned animals, early forms of	127–128
Bacon, Francis, cited	113
Barrell, Joseph, cited	288
Basement complex of American rocks, reference to	271
Bates, Henry Walter, cited	174, 180
Batesian mimicry, reference to	181
Bather, Francis Arthur, chapter by	102–111
Bee, bumble, features and habits of	200–205, 208
carpenter, form, nests, and habits of	198–199
honey, features and habits of	187–194
in flight, figure showing	192
larva of, figure showing	192
lessons and laws derived from a study of	193
larva of	191
queen, life and labor of	189–191
worker, life and labor of	191–193
leaf-cutting, features and habits of	196–197
mason, form and habits of	197–198
mosquito, form and habits of	199–200
solitary, features, nests, and habits of	195–196
stingless, form and habits of	199
swarm of, figure showing	188
Beehive, complexity of	187–188
evolution of	186–209
Beeswax, production and manipulation of	188
Belt series, fossils found in	271
Bergson, Henri, cited	v
Bermuda, forms of life on	97–98
Bernard, Claude, cited	145
Berry, Edward Wilber, chapter by	156–173
figure cited from work by	165
Bible, quotation from	324
Bichir, reference to	278
Biogenesis, modes of	50, 52, 142–143
Biogenetics, general law in	50, 52
Bird, changes in senses of	249
evolution of	243–254, 367–369
flight of, regulation of	248–249
heart and circulation of	245
ovary of, vestigial	37
reptilian ancestor of	243–254, 259–261
reptilian features of	250
vestigial wings of species of	37–38
view showing	253
Birds with teeth, examples of	261
Blood tests of evolution, methods and results of	365–367
Bolton, H., cited	121
Bonnet monkey, experiments made with	298–300
Bonnet, Charles, cited	63
Borneo and other islands, former connection of, with Asia	86
Boyesen, H. H., cited	12
Brachyura, general features of	51
Brain, evolution of, chapter on	311–326
functions of different parts of	323
Brazil, ant from, figure showing	217
butterflies of	180, 181
Breeder of animals, significance of work done by	112
British Columbia, fossils from	257–258
Brocket of Chili, reference to	90–91
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, “family tree” shown at	137–139
Broom, cited	284
Brues, C. T., figures made from photographs taken by	215, 217
Bull-dog ants, figure showing	217
Bumble-bee, cells in hive of	206, 207
features and habits of	200–205, 208
nest of, figures showing	202, 203
Burchell, William John, reference to work done by	181
Butterflies, changes of colour in	179–180
figures of	183, 184
metamorphosis of	183
Butterflies and moths, evolution shown by	174–185
Cambrian period, events of	161
forms of life of	127
Cambrian period, fossils of	258
source of name of	159
Camel family, geologic history of	83
Camptonotis, view showing	218
nests of	222
Cape Verde Islands, source of animals and plants of	97
Carboniferous period, events of	161
ganoids of	130
plant of, restoration of	166
source of name of	160
Carder bee, habits of	198
Carnivora, results of blood tests of	367
Carpenter bee, form, habits, and nests of	198–199
Casteel, figures cited from	189, 192
Cat, features of eye of	42
Catfish (Clarias), evolution of	52–53
Cave animals, vestigial eyes of	37
Cell division, modes of reproduction by	146
Cell fusion, modes of reproduction by	146
Cenozoic era, forms of life of	160, 161
length of	161
plants of	161, 170
Centetes, reference to	287
Central America, butterflies of	180
mammals of	87–91
Tertiary uplift of	90, 91
Cephalaspis, reference to	273, 274
Chalk of England, fishes of	132
fossils from, studies of	120–121
sea urchins from, changes in species of	109–110
studies of sea urchins of	117–119
vertebrates of	128
Changes in form of animals, tendency of	131
Chemical origin of forms of life, theory of	142
Cheshire, figure cited from	190
Chimpanzee, experiments with	300–302
human characters of	294
observations of behaviour of	300–301, 302, 303–306, 309
view showing building operations of	300
Chlorophyll, development of, consequences of	158
reference to	146
Chordates, earliest forms of	273–275
Cinnamon fern, figure showing	146
Circulus, term suggested for groups of animals	119, 120, 122
Clarias, evolution of	52–53
Club moss, figure showing	146
reference to	160, 165
Cœnogenetic features of embryo, discrimination of	70–71
Colaptes, evidence of evolution afforded by	7–8
Comb of honey-bee’s hive, figures showing	189, 190
Comoro Islands, butterflies of	184
Conklin, Edwin Grant, chapter by	62–80
Conklin, Edwin Grant, cited	9
Connecting and missing links in the ascent to man, chapter on	255–269
Continuity of life, geologic record of	268
Corals of Cutch, India, variations noted in	119–120, 122
Corbin, W. E., figures made from photographs taken by	226
Cordaites, figure showing restoration of	166
reference to	164
Cormorant, flightless, of Galapagos Islands	99
Crab, hermit, genesis of	51–52
Cretaceous period, events of	161
fishes of	131–132
plants of	167–169
source of name	160
vertebrates of	128
Crossopts, reference to	277–278
Crow, cited	308
Crustacea, general features of	51
Cutch, India, studies of corals of	119–120
Cuttlefishes, evidence of evolution afforded by	15
Cuvier, Georges, cited	114
Cycadofilex, figure showing	148
Cycadofilices, reference to	146
Cycads, age of, reference to	165
figures showing	146, 147, 167, 168
line of descent of	147
Cycas revoluta, figures showing	146, 147
Cynodonts, features of	283, 284
reference to	262–263
Darwin, Charles Robert, cited	16, 19-20, 69, 77, 81, 114, 115, 152, 153, 155, 291, 294, 322–323, 338, 363, 364
reference to work done by	vi, 153
Dawn-man, features of	134
Deer, evolutionary changes in	132
Development, causes of	75–77
course of	65–68
nature of	62–64
relations of, to religion	77
Devonian period, events of	161
fishes of	129–130, 275–278, 280
plants of	160–165
Dicotyledons, line of descent of	147
Difflugia corona, studies of evolution of	26–31
views of	27, 30, 30
Dinichthys, features of	130
Dinoponera grandis, figure of	217
Dipnoans, evolution of	277
Dodo, loss of power of flight by	99
Domestic animals, significance of breeding of	112
Dromotherium, reference to	285
Drone bee, figure of	187
Drosophila, mutations of	19, 32
Dryden, John, citation made from translation of Vergil by	193
Dryopithecus, features of	133, 288
Dubois, discovery of Pithecanthropus by	266
Duck-bill, early teeth of	176–177
features of	176
references to	262, 286
Dufour and Perris, figure cited from	194
Ear, human, vestigial parts of	40–41
Earth, evolution of	270–271
Echidna, features of	176
Edentata, habitat of	87
Egg, course of development from	65–68, 76
nature of	65–68
study of development of	63–64
Egg-laying mammals, origin of	284–286
Egypt, fossils from	288
Elephant, evolution of	232–241
figures showing	232, 240
fossil remains of, wide distribution of	232–233
head and molar teeth of, changes in	239
living species of	232
overgrowth of tusks of	132
Elephas falconi, reference to	238
Elephas melitensis, reference to	238
Elephas primigenius, features of	237
Elliot, Smith, G., chapter by	311–326
cited	289, 393
Embryo, coenogenetic features of	70–71
example of	54
features of human	56–58, 60
palingenetic features of	70–71
Embryology, evidence of evolution afforded by	18–19, 49–61, 62–80
Embryonic and larval states, relations of	54–57
Eoanthropus, features of	134
reference to	21
Eocene epoch, animals of	287, 288
horses of	226, 227
mastodon of	233
place of, in geological time table	161
Eohippus, figures showing	226, 227, 229
geological age of	226, 227
view comparing modern horse with	230
Eospermatopteris, figure showing	163
Eozoön canadense, reference to	271
Epihippus, geological age of	226, 227
Equus, figures showing	226, 229
kinds of	226–232
Equus giganteus, geological age of	230
Equus scotti, view of skeleton of	226
Eras, periods, and epochs of geological history, table showing	160
Eusthenopteron, reference to	277–278
Evolution, causes of	75–77
comparison of theory of special creation with	242–243
conditions influencing	6–7
cosmic, features of	355–357, 362–363
cumulative evidence for	355–371
definitions of	1–2, 64, 210, 211–212, 340–345
fanciful objections to	178
features of atomic form of	358–361
fields of study in	213
geographical evidences of	15–16
geologic phases of	357–358
meaning of term	1–12, 24
mind in	340–354
moulding factors of	6
present occurrence of	24–33
relations of religion to	77
progress shown in	21, 22, 337–339
shown by development of the individual organism	49–61
slow progress of	24–26
test of	174–175
uplifting effect of idea of	20–22
Eye, human, vestigial part of	41–42
Family tree of plant life, difficulties of determining	149
table and figure showing	137–139
Faunas, extinction of	84
Feathers, evolution of	244
Fern, earliest, figure showing	163
seed-bearing, figure showing	148
Field, B. C, fossils from	257–258
Fishes, early evolution of	275–278
evolutionary changes in	129–132
features of	280
features of fossil forms of	275–278
geminate pairs of	8
Flowering plants, rise of	170
Fleischman, figure cited from	192
Folding and crushing of beds of rock, evidences of	107–108
Foot and hand, human, ancient origin of	279–280
Forest ape, features of	133
Forest horses, migrations of	228
Fossil plants, story told by	156–173
Fossils, evidence of evolution afforded by	58–59, 127–136, 143, 156–173
North and South American, differences between	88–91
France, flora of, subgeneric divisions of	115
Fuligo septica, view of	145
Function and structure, coordination of	67–68
Gager, C. Stuart, chapter by	137–155
figure reproduced from work by	146, 150, 152
Galapagos Islands, evolution shown by fauna of	15–16
flightless cormorant of	99
forms of life on	96–97
Gangamopteris, figure showing	164
Ganoid fishes, features of	129–130, 277–278
Geddes, Patrick, cited	2
Gegenbaur, cited	71
Geminate pairs of species, reference to	8
Geographical distribution of animals, chapter on	81–101
Geological increase in complexity of forms of plants, diagram showing	157
Geological periods, sources of names of	159–160
table showing	160
Geological record, reference to	103–104, 267–268
Geological table showing the evolution of the horse	226
Geological time table	160
Ginkgo, reference to	166
Gipsy moth, useless wings of female	36
Glossopteris flora, figure showing typical members of	164
reference to	164
Gundersen, Alfred, “family tree” devised by	137–139
Gobi, desert of, fossils found in	287
Goethe, J. W. von, reference to observations made by	17
Goldring, figure cited from	163
Goose, common, and Chinese goose, fertile hybrid produced by	116
Gorilla, brain of	317–321
Grand Canyon, reference to	358
Gray, Asa, reference to	115
Great Britain, zoological identity of, with European continent	93
Great Britain and Ireland, former geographic unity of	86
Gregory, John Walter, chapter by	112–123
Gregory, William King, chapter by	270–292
Gymnosperms, age of	165
Haeckel, Ernst, cited	69–70
Hair, derivation of	176
Hair-cap moss, figure showing	147
Hand, human, ancient origin of	279
Hare and rabbit, fertile hybrid produced by	116
Harrison, cited	179
Hartman, C. T., figure made from photograph by	219
Harvey, William, famous dictum of	65
Hawaiian Islands, peculiar animals of	98
Hawkins, H. L., cited	121
Heidelberg, Germany, early human skull found near	135, 267
Heilmann, restoration of Archaeopteryx by	251
Hellmann, Milo, collaboration by	290
Heredity, influence of	6
Hermit crab, genesis of	51–52
Hipparion, geological age of	226, 230
Hippidium, geological age of	226
Hodson, Arnold, butterflies collected by	184, 185
Holarctic zoological region, limits of	84–85
Holmes, Samuel Jackson, chapter by	293–310
Homology, evidence of, confirmed by blood tests	367
explanation of	72
Homunculus, speculations concerning	63
Honeycomb, features of	188–189
Honey-bee, evolution of	186–209
features and habits of	187–194
figure of, on the wing	192
lessons and laws derived from a study of	193
Hooker, Joseph, citation of, by Darwin	115
Horse, early home of	227
Eohippus compared with	230
evolutionary changes in	230–231, 264–265
figures showing evolution of	226, 229
fore foot and teeth of, figure showing evolution of	229
geological table showing evolution of	226
kinds of	226–232
skeleton of, figure showing	226
vestigial organs of	39–40
Hubbard, J. G., and Strong, O. S., figure made from photograph by	218
Human and other brains, comparison of	316–321
Human ear, vestigial parts of	40–41
Human embryo, features of	56–58, 60
Human eye, vestigial part of	41–42
Human side of apes, chapter on	293–310
Human skulls, ape characters of early forms	133
Human teeth, vestigial nature of some	44–45
Humble-bee, features and habits of	200–205, 208
nest of, figures showing	202, 203
Huxley, Julian Sorrell, chapter by	327–339
cited	251
Huxley, Thomas Henry, cited	2, 102–103, 121, 144, 259, 287
Hyatt, cited	120
Hybrids, fertile, examples of	116
Hyenia, figure showing	164
reference to	160
Hylodes, embryonic and larval stages in	55–56
Hypothesis, definition and character of	143–144
Hypohippus, geologic age of	226
Ice Age, references to	161, 170–172
India, apes of, great variety shown by	133–134
corals of, studies of	119–120
fossils from	288
remains of apes found in	267
Indians, North American, activities of	186–187
Individual development comparable with racial development	77
Insecta, general features of	51
Insectivora, reference to	265
Insects, evolution shown by	18
flightless species of	100
Islands, oceanic and continental, definition of	92–93
Jacobson’s organ in human embryo, figure showing	45
Japanese cycads, figure showing	168
Java, ape-man of	134, 135
former connection of, with Asia	86
Jennings, Herbert Spencer, chapter by	24–33
Johnson, Martin, figure taken from work by	232, 240
Jordan, David Starr, chapter by	1–12
and Evermann, Barton Warren, cited	91
“Jordan’s law,” reference to	7
Jurassic period, cycads of	168
events of	161
fishes of	130–131
floras of	165–166, 168–169
flying animals of	260–262
Keith, Sir Arthur, cited	289
Kerguelen land, flightless insects of	100
Kiaer, Johann, cited	273
Kiwi, vestigial wings of	38, 39
Köhler, W., cited	304–305, 306, 307
experiments made with apes by	300–302
figures reproduced from work by	300, 302
Kowalevsky, cited	73
Krakatau, restocking of, by animals and plants	95
Kräusel and Weyland, figure cited from	164
Kurile Islands, former connection of, with Asia	86
Lamborn, W. A., study of butterflies by	184
Land plants, first appearance of	160
Lang, figure made from photograph by	222
Lankester, Ray, cited	121
Lanugo, vestigial nature of	45–46
Larva, example of	54
Larval and embryonic states, relations of	54–57
Leaf-cutting bees, form and habits of	196–197
nests of, figure showing	197
Lepus darwinii, a fertile hybrid	116
Life, chemical theory of origin of	142
continuity of	255–256
definition of	4–6
early forms and attributes of	127–128, 144–145, 270–272
sources of	3–4
tree of, illustration symbolizing	Frontispiece
unbroken continuity of	268
Lilium martagon, figure showing	152
Limulus, evolutionary place of	367
Lineage of man, chapter on	270–292
Links in the ascent to man, chapter on	255–269
Linnaeus, Carolus, cited	114, 286
Lion, brain of	317–318
London basin, diagrammatic section across	106
Loomis, Frederic Brewster, chapter by	225–241
Lucas, F. A., cited	251
Lull, Richard Swann, chapter by	255–269
figure cited from work of	239
“Lumpers” (a school of naturalists), reference to	115
Lycopodium clavatum, figure showing	146
Lycorea halia, reference to	181
McCabe, Joseph, cited	211
MacBride, Ernest William, chapter by, on evolution as shown by the development of the individual organism	49–61
Mackenzie, J, F., cited	141
Macrozamia Moorei, view showing	147
Macrura, general features of	51
Madagascar, butterflies from	184
Madeira, flightless insects of	100
forms of life on	97–98
Maeterlinck, Maurice, cited	193
Magnolia, flower of, view showing	147
Malacostrata, general features of	51
Malta, elephants of	238
Mammalia, establishment of class of	286
Mammalian development, lines of	263–264
Mammalian life in North and South America in Tertiary time, differences between	88–91
Mammal-like reptiles, features of	282–284
Mammals, differences and links between reptiles and	285–286
egg-laying, origin of	284–286
placental, origin of	286–288
Mammoth, features of	237–238
Man, disputed species of	115
genealogical relations of apes to	21–22
lineage of	265–266, 270–292
ontogeny of	74–75
remote progenitor of	290–291
vestigial organs of	40–47
Manatee, features of	264
Mason bees, features and habits of	197–198
Mastodon, evolution of head and molar teeth of	239
fossil remains of	233–237
Mastodon atticus, features of	235
Mastodon longirostris, features of	235
Mauer, Germany, early human skull found near	135
May-fly, larval life of	58
Megalichthys, reference to	277–278
Megasporophyll of cycad, figure showing	147
Mendel, Gregor, reference to work done by	152–153
Merychippus, figures showing	226, 229
geological age of	226
Mesohippus, figures showing	226, 229
geological age of	226
Mesohippus, view of skeleton of	226
Mesozoic era, events of	161, 164
periods of	160
plants of	161, 164–165
Metabolism, definition of	145
Micraster corbovis, variant forms of	117–119
Microconodon, reference to	285
Millikan, Robert Andrews, cited	361
Milton, John, cited	113
Mind, organs of	314–315
Mind in evolution, chapter on	340–354
growing dominance of	21
Miocene epoch, animals of, in North and South America	88–91, 288
apes of, features of skulls of	133
dinotheres of	236
horses of	226, 228
mastodons of	234–235
place of, in geological time table	161
Miohippus, geological age of	226
Missing and connecting links in the ascent to man, chapter on	255–269
Mniotiltidae, evidence of evolution afforded by	8
Moa, reference to	99
Moeritherium, features of	233
form of head and molar teeth of	239
Mongolia, fossils found in	287
Monkeys, dentition of	44
Monocotyledons, line of descent of	147
Monomorium rothsteini, figure showing	35
Monomorium subapterum, vestigial wings of	35, 36
Monophylectic hypothesis, outline of	146–149, 150
Monotremes, reference to	262
Montlivaltia, variations noted in	119–120, 122
Morality, foundations of	297
Morgan, C. Lloyd, chapter by	340–354
cited	v
Morgan, T. H., studies of Drosophila by	31
Mosquito bee, features and habits of	199–200, 207
Moss, hair-cap, figure showing	147
Moths and butterflies as evidence of evolution, chapter on	174–185
Mousterian man, features of	135
Müller, Fritz, cited	181
Müllerian mimicry, reference to	180
Mutants, features of	369
Mycetosoritis hartmani, figure showing	220
fungus chamber of	219
nest of	219
Myrmecia tarsata, view of	217
Myxomycete, figure showing	144, 145
Myxomycetes, character of	145
Nathorst, restoration of Wielandiella by	167
Natural selection, reference to	20
Natural selection, work of	6
Naturalists, schools of	115
Neanderthal man, features of	135
reference to	266–267
Neotropical animals, examples of	89–90
Neotropical zoological region, limits of	85
Neuropteridium, figure showing	164
Neuropteris heterophylla, figure showing	148
Newman, Horatio Hackett, chapter by	355–371
New Zealand, flightless bird of	99
North America, former connection of Asia with	86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
Pleistocene animals of	90
Tertiary animals of	88–91
North Carolina, remains of Triassic mammal-like reptiles from	285
Norway, fossil fish-like forms from	273
Oceanic islands, forms of life on	95–100
geology of	93–94
zoology of	94–100
Oecophylla longinoda, figure of	221
nests of, figure showing	222
Oenothera, mutations of	19
Oligocene epoch, animals of	288
apes of, features of	133
horses of	226, 228
mastodons of	233–234
place of, in geological time table	161
Ontogeny, key to phylogeny furnished by	74
parallelism between phylogeny and	64
uncertainty of conclusions drawn from	71
Ordovician period, events of	161
Organisms, distinguishing characteristics of	5–6
early attributes of	144–145
Origin of life, theory of	142
Ornithorhynchus, early teeth of	176–177
features of	176
Orohippus, geological age of	226, 227
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, cited	5, 287, 290
foreword by	v–vi
Osmunda cinnamomea, view of	146
Osmunda regalis, reference to	148
Osteolepis, reference to	277–278
Ostracoderms, mode of locomotion of	274–275
reference to	273, 274, 276–277
Ostrich, competency of, to survive	99
Overgrowth of certain features, examples of	132
Ovules of cycad, figure showing	146
Oxford University Museum, collection of butterflies in	181
Palaeocene epoch, animals of	287, 288
Palaeomastodon, features of	233–234
form of head and molar teeth of	239
Palaeozoic era, animals of	257–261
Palaeozoic era, length of	161
life of	161
periods of	159–161
plants of	162–164
Palearctic region, animals of	92
Paleontologic record, meaning and validity of	103–104, 106–110, 125–127
Paleontology, development of	125–127
Paleozoic era, events of	164
Paley, William, cited	337
Palingenetic features of embryo, discrimination of	70–71
Paludina, view showing shells of	120
Panama, Isthmus of, geminate fishes on opposite sides of	8
uplift of	89
Papilio dardanus, figure showing	184
Parahippus, geological age of	226
Parapithecus, features of	288
Parasites, features of	330–331
Parker, George Howard, chapter on vestigial organs by	34–48
cited	4–5
Parker, Kitchin, reference to	177
Parker, Newton, reference to	177
Patten, William, cited	273, 274
Paussidae, fossil	215
Pelycosaurs, reference to	282
Penguin, loss of power of flight by	99
Peppered moth, variations of	179
Periods (geological) , table showing	160
Peripatus, reference to	18
Permian epoch, climate of	285
events of	161
fishes of	130
glaciation in	164, 170
mammal-like reptiles of	282, 285
source of name of	160
vertebrates of	128
Phalangeal formulas of different species	283–284
Philippines, former connection of, with Asia	86
Phiomia, features of	234
Phylogeny, relation of ontogeny to	64, 74
Pigeon, vestigial oviduct of	37
Pikerni, fossil mastodon from	235
Piltdown man, references to	21, 134
Pine, figure showing	146
Pinus sylvestris, figure showing	146
Pithecanthropus, features of	134, 266
reference to	21, 288
Pithicus sinicus, experiments made with	298–300
Placental mammals, origin of	286–288
Planets, evolution of	355–357
Plants, classification of	138–139
earliest land forms of	160
evolution of, chapter on	137–155
Plants, family tree of	137–139
increasing complexity of, during geological time, diagram showing	157
mode of evolution of	143
orders of, genealogical line of	150, 151
story told by fossil forms of	156–173
transformation of, by human agency	141
Platypus, early teeth of	176–177
features of	176
reference to	262, 286
Pleistocene epoch, ape-like men of	135
elephants of	237–238, 239
events of	161, 170–172
floras of	171–172
glaciation in	170–173
horses of	230
man-like animals of	288
plant migration in	171–172
Plesihippus, geologic age of	226
Pleurococcus vulgaris, figure showing modes of reproduction of	146
Pliocene epoch, animals of	288
apes of, features of skulls of	133
deer of	132
horses of	229–230
mastodons of	234–235
place of, in geological time table	161
stegodons of	236–237
Pliohippus, geological age of	226, 230
Polyphyletic hypothesis, outline of	149, 151
Polypterus, features of	278
Polyrachis, nests of	222
Polytrichum commune, figure showing	147
Potomac group of rocks, flora of, reference to	167
Poulton, Edward Bagnall, chapter by	174–185
cited	113–114, 118–119
Preformationists, doctrine of	62–63, 65, 78–79
Primates, establishment of order of	286
fossil record of	265–267
habitats of	265–266
migrations of	265–266
origin and evolution of	288–291
results of blood tests of	367
Primofilices, reference to	146
Pro-angiosperms, reference to	147
Progress shown in evolution, chapter on	327–339
Progression of life on earth, chapter on	124–136
Prosopis, figure showing nests of	194
Proterozoic era, length of	161
life of	161, 271
Protohippus, geological age of	226
Protolepidodendron, restoration of	165
Prototrophic organisms, examples of	257
Psalmist, quotation from	324
Psilophyton, figure showing	162
reference to	160
Pteridosperm, figure showing	148
reference to	147
Pterodactyls, features of	260
Python, vestigial legs of	36, 37
Quaternary period, events of	161
Queen bee, figure of	187
life and labors of	189–191
Rabbit, vermiform appendix of	43
Rabbit and hare, fertile hybrid produced by	116
Racial development, comparison of, with individual development	77
Rails, flying and flightless species of	98–99
Radiation, adaptive, definitions of	157, 330
Rallidae, flying and flightless species of	98–99
Ray, John, species founded by	114
Recapitulation theory, experimental demonstration of	55–56
reference to	18–19
sketch of	68–75
statement of	50
Record of the rocks, chapter on	102–111
Religion, relations of evolution to	77
Remane, cited	290
Reptile, derivation of bird from	242–254, 367–369
differences between mammal and	285–286
evolution of	284–285
evolutionary relations of bird to	367
heart and circulation of	245
links between mammal and	286
relations of, to bird, as shown by blood tests	367–369
Reptilian ancestry of birds, reference to	243–254, 259–261, 367
Rhea, competency of, to survive	99
Rhodesia, ancient skulls from	136
Robertson, Janet, restoration of fern by	148
Robinson, Alfred, figure reproduced from photograph by	184
Rock movements caused by uplift and crumpling, examples of	107–108
Rocks, record of, chapter on	102–111
Romanes, G. J., figure cited from	36
observations of the behaviour of monkeys by	301–302
Royal jelly of bees, uses of	190, 191
Rowe, A. W., studies of sea urchins by	117–119
Russia, remains of theromorphs from	282
St. Helena, peculiar animals of	98
Salamanders, larva and embryo of	55
Salamandra atra, nature of young of	55
Salamandra maculosa, experiments with	53
nature of young of	55
Schuchert, Charles, cited	120
Schuchert, Charles, and Walker, H., cited	120
Science, definition of	9
Scotch pine, figure showing	146
Scott, D. H., figure cited from work by	148, 166
Scott, William Berryman, chapter by	81–101
Sea urchins in Chalk of England, changes noted in species of	109–110
variant forms of	117–119
Seaweeds, fossil	160
Seed-bearing fern, figure showing	148
reference to	160
Segregation, effects of	6–7
Selaginella amoena, figure showing	146
Selenka, cited	95
Seymouria, features of	281
Shakespeare, quotations from	vii, 186
Sharks, evolution of	277
Sheak, cited	309
Sherrington, Charles Scott, introduction by	vii–ix
Shipley, Arthur Everett, chapter by	186–209
Siberia, former connection of, with Alaska	86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
Sigillaria, reference to	165
Silurian period, events of	161
fishes and fish-like forms of	129, 273
fossils of	258–259
source of name of	159
Siwalik region of India, remains of apes found in	267
Size of animals, evolutionary increase in	328
Skulls, human, ape characters of early forms of	133
Sladen, figure cited from	203
Slime moulds, character of	144, 145
Smith, G. Elliot, chapter by	311–326
cited	289, 393
Smith, William, references to	103, 126
Snails, evidence of evolution afforded by	15
subspecific divisions of	115
Snake, vestigial legs of	36, 37
vestigial lung of	37
Solenhofen, Bavaria, fossil reptile-bird from	260–261
Solitaire, flightless bird of Mauritius, reference to	99
Solitary bee, cells of	206
nest of	195
Sonoran zoological region, location of	85
South Africa, climate of, in Permian time	285
South America, butterflies of, changes of colour in	180–181
migration of horses from North America to	230
Pleistocene animals of	90
Tertiary mammals of	87–91
Special creation and evolution, comparison of theories of	242
Specialization in evolution, consequences of	158
examples of	329–332
good and evil in	336
Species, an arbitrary, not a natural unit	116
Species, nature of, chapter on	112–123
origin of, conditions governing	6–7
uncertainty in defining	115–116
Spectroscope, revelations made by	361–362
Spencer, Herbert, cited	113, 115, 116, 117, 352
Spirit of the hive, reference to	193
Spirogyra, modes of reproduction of	146
“Splitters” (a school of naturalists), reference to	115
Spore-bearing leaf of cycad, figure showing	146
Stegodon, features of	236–237
form of head and molar teeth of	239
Stensiö, fossils collected by	273–274
Stewart, Charles, cited	177
Stingless bee, form and habits of	199–200
Strong, O. S., and Hubbard, J. G., figure made from photograph by	218
Structure and function, coordination of	67–68
Struggle for existence, reference to	20
Suns, evolution of	355–357
Survival of the fittest, limits of operation of	7
Swarm of bees, figure showing	188
Talgai, Queensland, Australia, fossil skull from	134–135
Teeth, derivation of	175–176
Teeth of apes and monkeys, features of	44
Teeth of man, vestigial elements in	44–45
Tenrec, reference to	287
Tertiary period, animals of, in North and South America	88–91
apes of, features of skulls of	133
climate of	86
deer of	132
events of	161
mammals of	128–129
uplift of Isthmus of Panama in	89, 91
Texas, ant from, figure showing	220
remains of theromorphs from	282
Theophrastus, classification of plants by	139–140
Theory, definition and character of	143–144
Theromorphs, features of	282–284
reference to	281
“Thinking wishly,” causes of	9
Thinopus, footprint of	259
Thomson, J. Arthur, chapter by	13–23
cited	187
Tilney, cited	289
Time table showing geological ages and periods	161
Tortoises of Galapagos Islands, reference to	15–16
Townsend piper, view of	253
Tree ants, nests of, figure showing	222
Tree frog, embryonic and larval stages in	55–56
Tree of life, illustration symbolizing	Frontispiece
Triassic period, events of	161
fishes of	130
Triassic period, mammal-like reptiles of	263, 282, 284, 285
plants of	164
source of name of	160
Trilophodon, features of	234
form of head and molar teeth of	239
Trinil, Java, ape-man of	134, 266
Trueman, A. E., cited	121
Turk’s cap lily, figure showing	152
Uganda, butterfly from	184
Ussher, James (Archbishop), cited	10
Vapourer moth, flightless female of	182–183
Variation, causes of	6
character and effect of	6
Vaughan, V. C, cited on the origin of life	142
Venezuela, butterflies of	180
Vergil, cited	193
Vermiform appendix, figure showing	43
inheritance of	42–43, 47
Vertebrates, early forms of	127–128
origin of	272–273
stages in evolution of	275–278
Vestigial organs, chapter on	34–38
definition of	34–36
examples of	311–312
reference to	16–17
Vivipara, view showing shells of	120
Von Baer’s law, statement of	69
Vries, Hugo de, cited	117
reference to work done by	152, 153
Waagen, cited	116
Wadjak, Java, features of ancient skulls from	135–136
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, early fossil remains found by	271
Walker, H., cited	120
Wallace, A. R., cited	314
Wapti, Mount, fossils from	257–258
Warblers, evidence of evolution afforded by	8
Watson, David Meredith Searles, chapter by	242–254
cited	59
Wax of honey-bees, production and manipulation of	188
Wayland and Kräusel, figure cited from	164
Wealden, floras of, reference to	167
Weaver ant, figure showing	221
nests of, figure showing	222
Whales, evolutionary place of	367
vestigial organs of	38–39
Wheeler, William Morton, chapter by	210–224
cited on useless wings of Monomorium subapterum	36
White, Gilbert, cited	198
Why we must be evolutionists, chapter on	13–23
Wieland, figure cited from	168
Wielandiella, restoration of	167
Williston, S. W., cited	280
Wilson, E. B., cited	272
Winchester, England, articles taken from trench dug at	105–106
Wisdom teeth of man, vestigial nature of	44
Wolff, Caspar Frederick, study of individual development by	63
Woodpeckers, evidence of evolution afforded by	7–8
Woodward, Arthur Smith, chapter by	124–136
Worker bee, figures of	187, 189
life and labors of	191–193
Yerkes, R. M., cited	303–304, 307, 321
experiments made with apes by	300, 302–303
Zoological regions, location and nomenclature of	84–86