Farmers of forty centuries
CONTENTS
| chapter | page | |
| Introduction | 1 | |
| I. | First Glimpses of Japan | 14 |
| II. | Grave Lands of China | 48 |
| III. | To Hongkong and Canton | 60 |
| IV. | Up the Si-kiang, West River | 81 |
| V. | Extent of Canalization and Surface Fitting of Fields | 97 |
| VI. | Some Customs of the Common People | 118 |
| VII. | The Fuel Problem, Building and Textile Materials | 137 |
| VIII. | Tramps Afield | 167 |
| IX. | The Utilization of Waste | 193 |
| X. | In the Shantung Province | 216 |
| XI. | Orientals Crowd Both Time and Space | 261 |
| XII. | Rice Culture in the Orient | 271 |
| XIII. | Silk Culture | 311 |
| XIV. | The Tea Industry | 323 |
| XV. | About Tientsin | 330 |
| XVI. | Manchuria and Korea | 345 |
| XVII. | Return to Japan | 376 |
| Message of China and Japan to the World. |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
| ||||
| No. | Page | |||
| 1. | Rainy weather costume | 16 | ||
| 2. | Girl on rainy-day wooden shoes | 18 | ||
| 3. | Drying seaweed | 20 | ||
| 4. | Growing seaweed | 20 | ||
| 5. | Trellised pear orchard in winter | 22 | ||
| 6. | Pear trees at Akashi Experiment Station, Japan | 22 | ||
| 7. | Pears protected by paper bags | 23 | ||
| 8. | Street in country village, Japan | 24 | ||
| 9. | Crowded store | 25 | ||
| 10. | Chinese country village along canal | 26 | ||
| 11. | Japanese rice paddies | 28 | ||
| 12. | Rice fields in Korea | 29 | ||
| 13. | Rice fields in Yangtse delta, China | 30 | ||
| 14. | Readjusted rice fields in Japan | 32 | ||
| 15. | Rice in paddies, crops on the dikes | 33 | ||
| 16. | Crowded peach orchard | 34 | ||
| 17. | Cucumbers trellised, over greens | 36 | ||
| 18. | Chinese farmer in winter dress | 38 | ||
| 19. | Prince Ching | 39 | ||
| 20. | Gardens crowded about buildings, Japan | 41 | ||
| 21. | Vegetable vender, Japan | 43 | ||
| 22. | Japanese vegetable market | 44 | ||
| 23. | Terraced gardens at Nagasaki | 46 | ||
| 24. | Graves in Yangtse delta, China | 49 | ||
| 25. | Graves near Shanghai and Canton | 51 | ||
| 26. | Graves on river bank and in garden | 52 | ||
| 27. | Graves in barley field | 54 | ||
| 28. | Family group of graves | 54 | ||
| 29. | Temporary burial | 55 | ||
| 30. | Graves decorated | 56 | ||
| 31. | Group of grass-grown graves | 58 | ||
| 32. | Wheelbarrow freighters in China | 59 | ||
| 33. | Sawing lumber in China | 63 | ||
| 34. | Happy Valley | 64 | ||
| 35. | Scene in florist's garden, Hongkong | 65 | ||
| 36. | Garden in Happy Valley | 66 | ||
| 37. | Receptacles for human waste | 67 | ||
| 38. | Water piped from mountain side to garden | 69 | ||
| 39. | Terraced garden | 71 | ||
| 40. | Winter gardening | 73 | ||
| 41. | Boat load of human waste | 74 | ||
| 42. | Chinese foot-power | 79 | ||
| 43. | Mulberry field fertilized with mud | 84 | ||
| 44. | Fuel on the Sikiang | 86 | ||
| 45. | Fields of rice and matting rush | 88 | ||
| 46. | Fork shaped from limbs of tree | 89 | ||
| 47. | Landscape at Samshui, near Canton | 91 | ||
| 48. | Winter grown peas after rice | 92 | ||
| 49. | Fields flooded and fertilized for rice | 94 | ||
| 50. | Fields of ginger | 95 | ||
| 51. | Map of canals in Chekiang province | 98 | ||
| 52. | Map of 2700 miles of canal | 100 | ||
| 53. | Map showing plains and Grand canal | 102 | ||
| 54. | View across valley of rice fields | 103 | ||
| 55. | Terraced and flooded rice fields | 105 | ||
| 56. | Graded fields | 111 | ||
| 57. | Graded fields | 114 | ||
| 58. | Collecting reservoir | 115 | ||
| 59. | Compost pits beside path | 116 | ||
| 60. | Trenched fields | 117 | ||
| 61. | Shanghai carryall | 119 | ||
| 62. | Sewing circle | 120 | ||
| 63. | Eating lunch | 122 | ||
| 64. | Stone mill | 123 | ||
| 65. | Laying warp | 124 | ||
| 66. | Dye pits | 125 | ||
| 67. | Whipping cotton | 126 | ||
| 68. | Salted cabbage | 129 | ||
| 69. | Chinese clover | 131 | ||
| 70. | Vegetable market | 132 | ||
| 71. | Lotus pond | 133 | ||
| 72. | Charcoal balls | 139 | ||
| 73. | Country woman in winter dress | 141 | ||
| 74. | Boat loads of fuel | 144 | ||
| 75. | Cotton stem fuel | 145 | ||
| 76. | Rice straw fuel | 146 | ||
| 77. | Steaming tea leaves | 147 | ||
| 78. | Dairy herd of water buffalo | 149 | ||
| 79. | Water buffalo and calf | 150 | ||
| 80. | Pine bough fuel | 151 | ||
| 81. | Houseboat on Chinese canal | 153 | ||
| 82. | Forest cutting on hillsides | 154 | ||
| 83. | Pine and oak bough fuel | 155 | ||
| 84. | Pine nursery | 156 | ||
| 85. | Dried grass fuel | 157 | ||
| 86. | Kaoliang fuel | 158 | ||
| 87. | Fuel coming from the hills | 160 | ||
| 88. | Millet-thatch and mud plaster | 161 | ||
| 89. | Air-dried earth brick | 162 | ||
| 90. | House building | 163 | ||
| 91. | Brick kiln | 164 | ||
| 92. | Fertilizing with canal mud | 168 | ||
| 93. | Stairways used in carrying mud from canal | 171 | ||
| 94. | Mulberry orchard | 172 | ||
| 95. | Snail shells in canal mud | 174 | ||
| 96. | Chinese incubators | 178 | ||
| 97. | Boat load of eggs | 181 | ||
| 98. | Carrying compost | 182 | ||
| 99. | Compost pit | 183 | ||
| 100. | Compost pit and clover | 184 | ||
| 101. | Composting | 185 | ||
| 102. | Building clover compost stack | 186 | ||
| 103. | Dredging canal mud | 187 | ||
| 104. | Compost stack | 188 | ||
| 105. | Fitting for rice | 191 | ||
| 106. | Manure boats in Shanghai | 195 | ||
| 107. | Map of Shanghai region | 196 | ||
| 108. | Japanese cart | 197 | ||
| 109. | Receptacles for human waste | 199 | ||
| 110. | Storage pits for liquid manure | 200 | ||
| 111. | Carrying pails for liquid manure | 201 | ||
| 112. | Applying liquid manure with dipper | 202 | ||
| 113. | Results | 204 | ||
| 114. | Laborious green manuring, Japan | 208 | ||
| 115. | Returning from Genua lands | 210 | ||
| 116. | Chart issued by Nara Experiment Station, Japan | 212 | ||
| 117. | Compost house, Nara Experiment Station, Japan | 213 | ||
| 118. | View in Reforestation Tract, Tsingtao, China | 218 | ||
| 119. | Reforestation, Tsingtao, China | 219 | ||
| 120. | Reforestation, Tsingtao, China | 220 | ||
| 121. | Wild yellow rose, Shantung, China | 221 | ||
| 122. | Shantung plow, China | 225 | ||
| 123. | Irrigating outfit | 227 | ||
| 124. | Soil erosion in Shantung | 229 | ||
| 125. | Water-carrier | 230 | ||
| 126. | Chinese farmyard | 231 | ||
| 127. | Wheat in Shantung, China | 237 | ||
| 128 | and 129. Vehicles of forty centuries | 238 | ||
| 130. | Wheat in hills and rows | 240 | ||
| 131. | Seed-drill | 241 | ||
| 132. | Hoeing grain | 243 | ||
| 133. | Plastered compost stack | 244 | ||
| 134. | Home after the day's work | 246 | ||
| 135. | Farm village street | 249 | ||
| 136. | Stone mill | 256 | ||
| 137. | Peanut cakes and paper demijohn | 257 | ||
| 138. | Pulverizing human excreta | 258 | ||
| 139. | Fertilizing | 259 | ||
| 140. | Foot-power pump and grain in beds | 262 | ||
| 141. | Wheat in which cotton is planted | 263 | ||
| 142. | Same field, wheat harvested | 264 | ||
| 143. | Multiple crops | 265 | ||
| 144. | Green manuring | 266 | ||
| 145. | Multiple crops in Chihli, China | 267 | ||
| 146. | Cutting wheat roots | 268 | ||
| 147. | Compost shelter and pig pen | 269 | ||
| 148. | Suggested conservation | 273 | ||
| 149. | Rice fields in Japan | 275 | ||
| 150. | Rice fields in China | 276 | ||
| 151. | Terraced rice fields, Japan | 278 | ||
| 152. | Steep narrow valley with rice paddies | 279 | ||
| 153. | Egg plants between rice paddies | 281 | ||
| 154. | Watermelons between rice paddies | 282 | ||
| 155. | Watermelons and taro | 283 | ||
| 156. | Home of Mrs. Wu | 284 | ||
| 157. | Pumping station | 285 | ||
| 158. | Pumping plant | 286 | ||
| 159. | Nursery rice beds | 287 | ||
| 160. | Harrow in plowed field | 288 | ||
| 161. | Revolving wooden harrow | 289 | ||
| 162. | Women pulling rice | 290 | ||
| 163. | Transplanting rice in China | 291 | ||
| 164. | Transplanting rice in rainy weather | 293 | ||
| 165. | Transplanting rice in Japan | 294 | ||
| 166. | Weeding rice | 295 | ||
| 167. | Boat load of grass for green manure | 296 | ||
| 168. | Applying chaff as fertilizer | 297 | ||
| 169. | Irrigation with swinging basket | 298 | ||
| 170. | Well sweep and water bucket for irrigation | 299 | ||
| 171. | Chinese foot-power and chain pump | 300 | ||
| 172. | Fields flooded for rice | 301 | ||
| 173. | Japanese irrigation foot-wheel | 302 | ||
| 174. | Pump shelter on bank of canal, China | 303 | ||
| 175. | Current water-wheel, China | 303 | ||
| 176. | Harvesting rice in Japan | 304 | ||
| 177. | Curing rice | 305 | ||
| 178. | Winnowing rice in Japan | 306 | ||
| 179. | Polishing rice | 307 | ||
| 180. | Sacking rice | 308 | ||
| 181. | Loading rice for shipment | 308 | ||
| 182. | Threshing barley | 309 | ||
| 183. | Eating rice | 310 | ||
| 184. | Preparing silkworm eggs for hatching | 312 | ||
| 185. | Feeding silkworms | 313 | ||
| 186. | Tending silkworms | 314 | ||
| 187. | Sorting cocoons | 315 | ||
| 188. | Mulberry orchard | 316 | ||
| 189. | Mulberry tree many times pruned | 317 | ||
| 190. | Mulberry orchard partly pruned | 318 | ||
| 191. | Mulberry trees on embankment | 320 | ||
| 192. | Tea garden | 324 | ||
| 193. | Tea plantation on hillside | 326 | ||
| 194. | Picking tea in Japan | 327 | ||
| 195. | Weighing fresh tea | 328 | ||
| 196. | Salt stacks and windmills | 333 | ||
| 197. | Salt evaporating basins | 334 | ||
| 198. | Chinese windmill | 335 | ||
| 199. | Village on the Pei ho | 337 | ||
| 200. | Hoeing grain | 339 | ||
| 201. | Chinese hoe | 340 | ||
| 202. | Harvesting wheat | 341 | ||
| 203. | Shipping soy beans from Manchuria | 348 | ||
| 204. | Wild white rose | 352 | ||
| 205. | Millet and beans | 360 | ||
| 206. | Manchu lady | 361 | ||
| 207. | “Swing day” in Korea | 364 | ||
| 208. | Group of Koreans | 365 | ||
| 209. | Korean women | 366 | ||
| 210. | Korean farm houses | 367 | ||
| 211. | Korean rice fields | 369 | ||
| 212. | Green manuring | 370 | ||
| 213. | Rice paddies in mountain valley | 371 | ||
| 214. | Eroding hillside, Korea | 372 | ||
| 215. | Swinging scoop for irrigation | 373 | ||
| 216. | Green manuring | 380 | ||
| 217. | Fukuoka Experiment Station | 381 | ||
| 218. | Fukuoka Experiment Station | 382 | ||
| 219. | Fukuoka Experiment Station | 383 | ||
| 220. | Fukuoka Experiment Station | 384 | ||
| 221. | Japanese plows | 386 | ||
| 222. | Test rice plats at Fukuoka Experiment Station | 387 | ||
| 223. | Public highway in Japan | 388 | ||
| 224. | Taking wood to market, Japan | 389 | ||
| 225. | Terraced valley in Japan | 390 | ||
| 226. | Group of houses among rice paddies | 391 | ||
| 227. | Fields of matting rush | 393 | ||
| 228. | Japanese girls playing flower cards | 394 | ||
| 229. | Well furnished Japanese room | 394 | ||
| 230. | Fertilizing rice with old stubble | 398 | ||
| 231. | Irrigating with foot-power water-wheel | 399 | ||
| 232. | Beauty at home in Japan | 401 | ||
| 233. | Old cherry tree | 402 | ||
| 234. | Admiring cherry blossoms | 403 | ||
| 235. | Entrance to Kiyomizu temple, Kyoto | 404 | ||
| 236. | Kiyomizu temple and wooded slope | 406 | ||
| 237. | Seats in temple park | 407 | ||
| 238. | Iris garden, Japan | 408 | ||
| 239. | Street flower vender, Japan | 409 | ||
| 240. | Field of indigo, Japan | 411 | ||
| 241. | Water wheel in Japan | 412 | ||
| 242. | Shizuoka Experiment Station | 416 | ||
| 243. | Japanese ladies | 418 | ||
| 244. | Landscapes in Tokyo plain | 420 | ||
| 245. | Straw mulching | 421 | ||
| 246. | Soil study field, Imperial Agr. Experiment Station, Tokyo | 423 | ||
| 247. | Equipment for soil studies, Imperial Agr. Experiment Station, Tokyo | 426 | ||
| 248. | Toil may not cease | 431 | ||
FARMERS
OF
FORTY CENTURIES
OR
PERMANENT AGRICULTURE IN CHINA,
KOREA AND JAPAN
By
F. H. KING, D. Sc.
Formerly Professor of Agricultural Physics in the University of Wisconsin
and
Chief of Divison of Soil Management, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Author of “The Soil”; “Irrigation and Drainage”; “Physics of
Agriculture” and “Ventilation for Dwellings,
Rural Schools and Stables.”
Madison, Wis.
MRS. F. H. KING
1911
All rights reserved
Copyright, 1911
By Mrs. F. H. KING
| DEMOCRAT PRINTING CO., |
| MADISON, WIS. |
|
F. H. KING
This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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