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History of Mexico (Bancroft) (1883)
by Hubert Howe Bancroft
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2657632History of Mexico (Bancroft) — Chapter 201883Hubert Howe Bancroft
​

CHAPTER XX.

VICEROYS FORTY-FOUR TO FORTY-SIX.

1760-1779.

Viceroy Marqués de Cruíllas — King Cárlos III. Proclaimed — War with Great Britain — Extensive and Costly Preparations against Possible Attacks — Visitador General José de Galvez — His Eminent Services in Mexico and Spain — Cruíllas' Relief and Harsh Treatment — Viceroy Marqués de Croix — He Supports Galvez — His Rule Approved — Promotion, Recall, and Future Career — Unjust Strictures — Viceroy Frey Antonio María Bucareli — General Measures of his Long Rule — His Death — Temporary Rule of the Audiencia — Fourth Ecclesiastical Council — Its Acts — Archbishop Francisco Antonio Lorenzana — His Course in Mexico and Spain — He is Made A Cardinal — Future Career and Death.

The successor of General Cagigal, and forty-fourth viceroy, was Joaquin Monserrat,[1] marqués de Cruíllas, a knight grand cross, claviger commander of Montroy and Burriana, and bailiff of Sueca in the order of Montesa,[2] a mariscal de campo[3] of the army, and lieutenant-colonel of the royal Spanish infantry guards. He brought out his wife, Doña María Josefa de Acuña,[4] a lady related to the highest nobility of ​Spain, among whom was the late viceroy, marqués de Casafuerte, and it is even said that royal blood coursed in her veins.

The marqués de Cruíllas was appointed viceroy of New Spain on or before the 9th of May, 1760. He left Spain in July, touched at Puerto Rico and Cuba, and landed in Vera Cruz the 4th of September. He left that city the 19th, and journeying as his predecessors had done, reviewing on his way the colored troops in Puebla, and reached on the 5th of October Otumba, where acting viceroy Cagigal delivered him the baton of command, and on the next day[5] informally entered the capital. Being received by the ayuntamiento and conducted to the presence of the royal audiencia he then laid before that body his commissions as viceroy, governor, and president, took the oath of office,[6] and made his public entry into Mexico on the 25th of January, 1761,[7] not the 17th as modern authors have asserted.

Several important affairs soon engaged the new viceroy's attention. The first was the recognition and proclamation of the new king who had ascended the throne in November 1759. The act had been decreed in 1760 and postponed. The viceroy resolved that it should be on a magnificent scale. Accompanied from the palace by the city council, courts of justice, and the nobility on horseback, holding the standard that had been blessed by the archbishop, the marquis repaired to the stage erected in the plaza mayor, where being challenged to raise the standard for Cárlos ​III. he complied, and then and there the caciques of Tlatelulco, Tezcuco, Tlacopan, and Cuyoacan reiterated their allegiance on behalf of the Mexican nation. The procession being again organized, the several other platforms were visited, and the ceremonies repeated. That night, and the two following, the city was brilliantly illuminated, and the people surrendered themselves for three days to festivities, in the midst of which poetical effusions were not wanting.[8]

While the viceroy was studying the general affairs of the country, and discharging his multifarious duties, news reached Mexico early in 1762 that war had been declared by Spain against Great Britain. There were good reasons to apprehend an attack on Vera Cruz, for early in June a combined land and naval force had captured Habana. Cruíllas hastened to Vera Cruz to provide for its defence, taking with him the two companies of his guard, and reënforcing the few bodies of regular troops at his command. The militia, both infantry and cavalry, from all parts of the country was mustered into active service, and quartered at a convenient distance from Vera Cruz. Among them was one battalion of Puebla, and one of Michoacan. Most of the men were Spanish creoles; to render them efficient the viceroy summoned to his aid such governors, corregidores, and alcaldes mayores as had formerly followed the profession of arms.[9]

The real consulado of Mexico raised and equipped at its own expense a regiment of dragoons. The ​regimiento del comercio was intrusted with the preservation of public order at the capital, which service it had rendered, on several previous occasions of danger, free of all cost to the royal treasury.

The viceroy visited Anton Lizardo and Alvarado, and caused provisional batteries to be erected to protect the entrance of the bar, and floating: batteries. A hospital was likewise made ready, and barracks for the troops. Every possible measure was adopted to meet the impending attack.[10]

The whole force put under arms remained in active service till all danger had passed,[11] peace having been concluded between the belligerents soon after. The news of peace was brought by a British man-of-war, which found some difficulty in gaining admittance into port; but becoming satisfied of the truth of the report, the authorities finally greeted her with the usual honors. On the 25th of February, 1763, arrived in Vera Cruz the British frigate Trent with the Spanish prisoners captured by the English in the siege of Habana, and a copy of the preliminaries of peace. In September of the same year came several small vessels conveying the garrison, officials, vecinos, and two bands of Indians from Pensacola, which place, by order of the captain-general of Cuba, had been surrendered to the English.[12] The energetic measures taken and personally supervised by the marqués de Cruíllas for the defence of New Spain were highly appreciated, and rewarded by the crown.[13] ​Experience had taught the necessity of a strict supervision by the crown over the management of the treasury. The court, therefore, directed Francisco Armona to come to New Spain as visitador general to inspect and arrange the administration of the royal revenues.[14] The king's minister, Arriaga, sent the viceroy the instructions under which the visitador was to act, and ordered him to aid that officer in every possible way. Armona, who had been given five assistants, died on the passage out, and José de Galvez, an intendente of the royal army, was chosen for the position.[15] He came out in 1761, and before he had fairly begun the discharge of his duties a disagreement sprang up with the viceroy who refused to recognize certain powers claimed by the visitador. Thereupon the latter, referring the questions to the crown, led a retired life and awaited the final decision. The fleet of 1764 brought him powers independent of the viceroy, almost unlimited ones, which the latter could not ignore.

Galvez was endowed with talents of a high order, a sterling fearless character, indomitable will, and uncommon industry, united to great experience in affairs. He has been charged with a harsh, despotic, rancorous disposition,[16] that never tempered justice with clemency,[17] but there were deeply rooted abuses to ​be corrected regardless of reputation.[18] It is believed, however, that the visitador used a just discrimination. The result of his efforts was that in future, or at least during his term, every branch of the public administration experienced a marked improvement,[19] officials, in the fear of dismission, faithfully doing the right.

Viceroy Cruíllas neglected none of the important duties of his offices, and his wise, energetic policy won him an honorable name in the country. His disagreements with General Villalba, explained elsewhere, and the presence of an official exercising authority independent of him, rendered his stay in New Spain unpleasant. His relief came in August 1766.

The marquis was subjected to a rigorous residencia by the judge commissioner, José Areche, who refused him permission to go to Spain on bail, as had been granted his predecessors. He remained in Cholula till the end of his trial, and then was allowed to depart for the mother country, which he did in the same ship that carried General Villalba.

The forty-fifth viceroy of New Spain was Cárlos Francisco de Croix,[20] marqués de Croíx, a knight of the order of Calatrava, commander of Molinos and Laguna Rota in the same order, and a lieutenant general of the royal army,[21] who had been colonel of the Walloon guards. He had given proofs of military skill in fifty years of service; he had been in command at Ceuta and Puerto de Santa María, and had served as captain-general of Galicia. King Cárlos III. esteemed him highly, knowing that he was a sincere, just man, and a true soldier, ready at all times to sacrifice ​himself for his master, as he called the sovereign, whose orders were to be obeyed without cavil, and on the same principle he allowed no contradiction to his own authority as the king's lieutenant.[22]

The marquis took charge of his offices on the 25th of August 1766, which was the date of his entering the capital.[23] From that time he paid strict attention to his duties, doing all in his power for the improvement and defence of the country, the increase of its revenues, the development of knowledge, and all that might be expected from a conscientious ruler. With the visitador general, José de Galvez, he maintained the closest relations, supporting all his measures, as he had the fullest confidence in his ability and character. The marqués de Croix won for himself the name of an able viceroy, as well as of a pure, upright man. When he arrived he refused to accept the customary gifts, and called for higher pay from the crown, which was granted him. He was somewhat addicted to drink, and evil tongues called him a drunkard.[24] If this was so he was a better man drunk than was many another sober; at all events his measures showed that he was a very sensible man, and that they were planned by no clouded or besotted intellect. ​On the 21st of April 1770 he was commissioned a captain-general of the royal army; and as a further reward of his faithful services, on being relieved from the government of New Spain the 22d of September 1771, he was promoted to viceroy and captain-general of the kingdom of Valencia in Spain.[25] These offices he held at the time of his death.[26]

The forty-sixth viceroy was the bailiff Frey Antonio María Bucareli y Ursua, Henestrosa, Lasso de la Vega, Villacis y Córdoba, knight commander[27] of La Bóveda de Toro[28] in the order of Saint John of Malta, and a lieutenant-general of the royal armies.[29]

Bucareli was a native of Seville, and related to the most noble families of Spain and Italy, being on his paternal side a descendant from a very distinguished family of Florence, which boasted among its connections three popes, six cardinals, and other high officers of the state and church; and on the maternal, the Ursuas were related to several ducal families.[30] The knight entered the military service of his country as a cadet, and rose by gallantry and honorable service to be lieutenant-general. He had distinguished himself in several campaigns in Italy and Spain, in ​engineering work, and as the inspector-general of cavalry. Lastly, he was called to be governor and captain-general of Cuba, where he again rendered valuable services to the crown, which were rewarded with the promotion to the viceroyalty of New Spain, Nor was this the only reward. He was not only permitted to grant offices to twelve of his friends and attaches, a privilege that had been withheld for some years from his predecessors, but was given by royal order of January 22, 1777, an increase of $20,000 a year above what had been the viceroy's salary, making it $80,000, as a mark of special favor.[31]

The newly appointed viceroy left Habana August 14, 1771, and arrived at Vera Cruz on the 23d; started thence September 9th, and travelling slowly, via Antigua, Rinconada, Plan del Rio, Jalapa, Vigas, Perote, Haciendas de Soto, Tonquito and San Diego, Piedras Negras, Buenavista, Apam, Otumba, and San Cristóbal, accomplished the journey of 84 leagues to the capital on the 23d. This route was the shortest as well as most convenient, avoiding the entry into Tlascala and Puebla, in both of which cities the municipal authorities and people, particularly the Indians of the former, would have insisted on entertaining the viceroy, and their wishes could not well have been slighted, entailing upon him the delay of two or three days at each place, and upon those communities expenditures that would have weighed heavily on them for a long time. At San Cristóbal the real audiencia and other officials, among them the representatives of the city of Mexico, paid their homage to the incoming ruler, who received the baton of command from his predecessor the 22d of September, whereupon the city authorities escorted him to the capital.[32] His public reception was magnificent, for the citizens believed him deserving.[33] ​General Bucareli on the 23d produced to the audiencia his three commissions as viceroy and governor, captain-general, and president of that body, and took the oath to faithfully discharge his duties; among the pledges was that of maintaining peace in the interior, and defending the kingdom against all foes.[34]

Viceroy Bucareli during nearly eight years' rule attended carefully to the organization of the military forces and coast defences; to the well-being of the new settlements in California; an honest and economical management of the royal treasury, the revenue of which he augmented without burdening the king's subjects with extra taxation; the police and administration of justice; the development of public instruction and the arts of peace. Indeed, whatever could contribute to the honor of his sovereign and the welfare of the people was matter of interest to him. He cared for the poor in hospitals and asylums, and was zealous in assisting the prelates of the religious orders to preserve good morals. The term of his rule was the happiest that New Spain experienced. Peace and prosperity reigned; and the country took long strides in advance.

Whilst the viceroy was thus engaged disease seized him, a violent attack of pleurisy,[35] to which he succumbed on the 9th of April, 1779. His death spread sorrow throughout the land, for he had won the title of "virey amado por la paz de su gobierno." As an evidence of the high standing of his character, I shall mention one instance. Being in need of funds for the ​operations of the mint the merchants lent him without interest or security $2,500,000.[36]

The deceased had ordained in his last will that his remains should be interred in the temple of the Insigne y Real Colegiata of Guadalupe, charging that the interment should be in the humblest and most trampled spot at the very entrance of the temple. The body remained in state at the palace till the 13th, when the funeral cortége started in the morning for the convent of San Francisco, where it was deposited till the evening, and then it was conveyed to the santuario of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, and there on the 29th of October inhumed in the threshold, as he had requested, with expressive epitaphs on the tomb. The executors, José Martin de Chavez and Joaquin Antonio Dongo, in view of the late viceroy's great regard for the Capuchin nuns, and of his great zeal in the erection and preservation of the casa de ejercicios in the oratory of San Felipe, resolved that his heart should be given to the Capuchin nuns, and his other vitals to the before mentioned casa.[37]

So soon as the supreme government heard of the death of Viceroy Bucareli, it ordered that his effects should be forwarded to Spain, and that no residencia of his official acts should be had,[38] a course unprecedented in the history of royal representation.

Immediately after Bucareli's death was officially announced, was opened the pliego de providencia or mortaja, by which the president of Guatemala was to ​succeed as viceroy ad interim. Until his arrival the government devolved on the audiencia. The baton of acting captain-general was delivered to the regente, Francisco Romá y Rosel.[39] Circulars were despatched to the authorities throughout the country to notify them of these events.[40]

On the 23d of April was celebrated a thanksgiving mass, attended by the audiencia and the regente. At the head of the palace reception room were placed three chairs; the middle one was occupied by the regente, and the other two by the decano, or senior oidor, and the subdecano. The regente and his two associates took the palace coach, the guard presenting arms, and with a squad of cavalry in advance, and the escort of halberdiers, repaired to the cathedral, at the principal door of which were four canons to receive them. For the regente was supplied not a prie-dieu, but a mere cushion.[41] The audiencia during its rule of a little over four months made no change in the government policy.

One of the notable events of the second half of the eighteenth century was the assembling of the fourth Mexican provincial council,[42] convened pursuant to two royal cédulas of August 21, 1769, one of which ​commanded the prelates of America and the Philippines to attend such a council. The other, called the tomo regio, specified as many as twenty points to be considered.[43] The partisans of the expelled Jesuits, among whom is the writer Cárlos M. Bustamante, would have the world believe that the ministers who had influenced the king to adopt that measure, now impressed upon his mind a conviction that the convocation of a provincial council, after the old fashion, was needed to eradicate the erroneous doctrines taught by the society of Jesus, which had taken deep root in America; that the king's flatterers represented morals in Mexico to be at a low ebb, owing to those teachings; and one of the orators at the council affirmed that the period was worthy of comparison with that of the conquest of America.[44]

On the 13th of January, 1770, Archbishop Lorenzana laid the royal cédulas before his chapter, and on the 21st it was announced at high mass that the council would be inaugurated on the 13th of January proximo. Some differences between the archbishop and his chapter on matters of ceremonial occurred toward the end of 1770, and new discussions arose one week before the installation of the council. They were not, however, an obstacle to the swearing-in, on the 11th of January 1771, before the archbishop, of the theologians and canonists who had been chosen to act as advisers of the council.[45]

The preliminary ceremonies took place, part in the church, and part in the chapter's hall, which was the room selected for the sittings.[46] The viceroy made a short address; and after the tomo regio and the archbishop's decree had been read, he retired.[47] ​The council was presided over by the archbishop, and the following prelates and dignitaries of the church were in attendance. Bishops: Miguel Álvarez de Abreu, of Antequera; Friar Antonio Alcalá, of Yucatan, and elect of Guadalajara; Francisco Fabian y Fuero, of Puebla, and José Diaz Bravo, of Durango. The bishoprics of Michoacan and Guadalajara were represented by canons of their chapters. Prelates of the religious orders: generals of the San Hipólito and Bethlehemite orders, and the provincials of the Franciscans, and barefooted Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, barefooted Carmelites, and order of Mercy; and the comisario of the clérigos regulares of San Camilo. The colegiata of Guadalupe likewise had two seats in the council. Oidor Antonio de Rivadeneira, as asistente real, and José Areche, fiscal of the audiencia; and the two representatives of the city of Mexico. The officials of the council were the secretary. Doctor Andrés Martinez Campillo, promoter, master of ceremonies, notary, and two nuncios.

The labors of the council were completed on the 26th of October,[48] and on the 10th of November a commissioner was despatched to Spain with the acts to be laid before the king in council for approval. This was never given them, owing to the many objections preferred by the fiscal for Peru, based chiefly on alleged grievances against Archbishop Lorenzana. The king on the 8th of October, 1772, ordered that the acts should not be made public till they were sanctioned by his council and the pope. They have consequently remained unpublished.[49] An authenticated copy of them exists in the archives of the archbishopric of Mexico. The manuscript has a blue velvet cover, and is entitled Concilio IV provincial

​Mexicano, celebrado en 1771. It contains five books, the first with thirteen titles; the second with sixteen; the third with twenty-four; the fourth with two; and the fifth, with twelve; each title having a large number of decrees and ordinances on ecclesiastic reform and discipline.[50]

The council also prepared fourteen works, all on matters more or less connected with the church, and tending to the improvement of its branches and service, and to the advancement of religion and popular education; one of them concerned the management of hospitals, and another the beatification of Juan de Palafox.

Doctor Francisco Antonio Lorenzana y Butron, of whom mention has been so often made in connection with the above described fourth council, was of illustrious lineage, born in Leon, Spain, on the 22d of September 1722; he studied literature in the college of San Salvador de Oviedo, of the renowned university of Salamanca.[51] His first prominent position was that of canónigo doctoral in the cathedral of Sigüenza. He afterward became successively canon and vicar-general of Toledo, abbot of San Vicente, a dignitary of the cathedral of Toledo, and a member of the royal council. In 1765 he was made bishop of Plasencia, and on the 14th of April of the following year ​was promoted to the archbishopric of Mexico, of which he took possession on the 22d of August, receiving on the 8 th of September the pallium from the bishop of Puebla,[52]

Lorenzana s government of the archdiocese, though a brief one, was marked by acts that justly entitled him to a high place among the most distinguished members of the Mexican episcopacy. His first act was to establish a foundling asylum. Soon after his arrival he noticed the absence of such a shelter for the care of infants forsaken by their parents either to conceal a fault or to elude the fulfilment of their duties. He purchased out of his income a suitable building on the 11th of January, 1767, founding and organizing in it the casa de niños expósitos, commonly known as La Cuna, which he supported till he left the country. He was governing in harmony with the civil power, and much valued for his learning, virtue, and philanthropy, when he received promotion to the archbishopric of Toledo, and was made primate of Spain, to which place he had been nominated on the 27th of January, 1771. In his new position he had a still wider field of usefulness. On the 30th of March, 1789, Pius VI. made him a cardinal.[53]

When the Frepch revolution broke out and a large number of ecclesiastics from that nation sought a refuge in Spain, Lorenzana, foremost among the Spanish prelates, afforded them great protection and assistance.[54] In 1797 he was sent by Cárlos IV. to Rome to afford aid and comfort to Pius VI., and remained at the pontiff's side, accompanying him to Florence and thence to Parma. The object of his company was to furnish pecuniary resources to Pius. At last the ​French refused him a passport, and he was separated from the illustrious captive, whom he never saw again. The cardinal is heard of as present at the conclave held in Venice.[55] In 1800 he resigned the archbishopric of Toledo, and fixed his residence in Rome, where he died the 17th of April, 1804, being interred in the church of Santa Croce.

Upon the receipt in Mexico of the news of the death of its former archbishop, funeral honors were paid him with great pomp.[56] ​

  1. ↑ His family names, as given at the head of his decrees, were Monserrat, Ciurana, Cruíllas, Crespí de Valldaura, Alfonso, Calatayud, Sans de la Llosa. Disposic. Varias, i. 21, iv. 1.
  2. ↑ A Spanish order of knighthood named after the convent of Santa María de Montesa, which was situated two leagues from the city of Játiva in the province of Valencia. It was founded with the sanction of Pope John XXII in 1537. Moreri and Miravel y Casadevante, Gran. Dicc., vii. 74.
  3. ↑ This was his military rank at the time of his appointment. Reales Cédulas, MS., ii. 237. His promotion to lieutenant-general was decreed soon after his departure for America. Rivera, Gob. Mex., i. 388. He certainly held the commission of a lieutenant-general during his rule in Mexico, and made it appear in his decrees.
  4. ↑ Her family names were: Acuña y Prado, Vazquez, Coronado, Henriquez, Luna y Portocarrero, Castro, Figueroa y Mendoza, Ronquillo y Briseño, Mascareñas, Alencastre y la Cueva. Rodriguez, Express, del Dolor., i.-xvi.
  5. ↑ Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 173, refers to the Libro Capitular of Mexico for this date. Lorenzana, Hist. N. Esp., has it 4th of October. Panes erroneously places his arrival in Mexico on the 24th of August. The same authority adds that Cruíllas was the last viceroy to make a public entry in Tlascala and other places as had been the practice of his regularly commissioned predecessors. Panes, Vir., in Monum. Dom. Esp., MS., 49.
  6. ↑ On his recognition he demanded the yearly pay of $40,000 from the date of his embarkation for America. Rivera, Gob. Mex., i. 388.
  7. ↑ He at once carried out the papal bull on patronage, prayer, and recognition of the mystery of the immaculate conception of the virgin Mary. Ib. A grand triumphal arch was erected with allegorical paintings, which are described in a work dedicated to the marquesa de Cruíllas. Leon, Ilust. de las Pinluras, 1-40.
  8. ↑ Cárlos III., Amorosa Contienda, 1-208; Cárlos III., Real Procl., 1-29. The ceremonials of allegiance were repeated throughout the country. In Puebla, particularly, the loyal manifestation was marked. An obelisk, said to have been worthy of the Augustan era, with the king's statue on the top was erected in the plaza. Cárlos III., Obelisco, 1-4, etc.; Plateros, Obelisco, 1-5. The ceremonies in Vera Cruz are described in Idea Mercurial, 1-26.
  9. ↑ Alaman, Disert., iii. app. 63. Among those who obeyed the summons were Pedro Montesinos de Lara, president of the real audiencia of Nueva Galicia, and comandante general of that province; and José Cárlos de Aguiar, governor of Durango. The latter was made inspector-general of all the troops called to the succor of Vera Cruz. Panes, Vir., in Monum. Dom. Esp., MS., 119-20.
  10. ↑ At this time was brought to Vera Cruz from Campeche a 'religioso servita,' who pretended to have visited Yucatan to procure shoes for the English. Several papers and drawings of Spanish ports being found on his person, he was taken to Mexico as a spy, and with the approval of the audiencia thrown into jail. This confinement of a priest with common criminals was objected to by the archbishop, who claimed the ecclesiastic immunity; the secretary of the audiencia was excommunicated; but the viceroy and audiencia demanded the repeal of the excommunication, and the demand was complied with. Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 380-1; Rivera, Gob. Mex, i. 394-5.
  11. ↑ The expense incurred in these preparations exceeded two million dollars. Rivera, Gob. Mex., i. 394.
  12. ↑ The authorities and the people provided for the comfort of the immigrants. Id.
  13. ↑ He was made 'gentil hombre de cámara de S. M.' Reales Cédulas, MS., ii. 153; Rivera, Gob. Méx., i. 399.
  14. ↑ The French at that time had much influence at the Spanish court. They urged Spain to be better prepared with resources for war, to which end the government should effect such changes in the administration of the American possessions as would bring about an increase of revenue, which hitherto, considering their extent and wealth, was indeed a very scanty one. Alaman, Disert., iii. 296.
  15. ↑ He owed his great promotion to the French ambassador at Madrid. Alaman, Disert., iii. 296.
  16. ↑ 'Hombre de pasiones fuertes, rencoroso y terrible. . .abusaba del poder que el Soberano habia puesto en sus manos.' Many thought him insane. Bustmante, Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 44.
  17. ↑ Galvez was a native of Málaga. His services were munificently rewarded by the sovereign. In 1768 he was made a member of the supreme council of the Indies, and on his return to Spain ministro universal de Indias, an office that he held till his death, which occurred suddenly at Madrid on the 17th of June, 1787. He had been also given the title of marqués de Sonora. The news of his death reached Mexico the 30th of August. Many of those who suffered at his hands showed their satisfaction in disgraceful printed papers that made their appearance the next morning. Lorenzana, Hist. N. Esp., 34, 35; Panes, Vir. in Monum. Dom. Esp., MS., 121; Gomez, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., 2d ser., vii. 280-1; Gazeta de Méx. (1786-7), ii. 82. Rivera, Gob. Mex., i. 402, wrongly gives 1789 as the year of his death.
  18. ↑ A few of those were at a later day reinstated by the sovereign. Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 182.
  19. ↑ His master mind had been felt everywhere. Alaman, Disert., iii. app. 64.
  20. ↑ In several documents, both manuscript and printed, the name is written Croíx, which was probably the accent given it by Spaniards.
  21. ↑ A native of the city of Lille in Flanders, and of a very illustrious family. Lorenzana, Hist. N. Esp., 35; Alaman, Disert., iii. app. 65.
  22. ↑ Anecdotes were related of him, which, if authentic, and they are given for what they may be worth, go to show that he possessed a vein of humor as well as force of character. Once while holding a command in Spain, the all powerful inquisition sent for him, and he obeyed the summons; but knowing the characters he had to deal with, took with him a squad of artillerymen and four cannon, which he stationed round the inquisitorial quarters, giving orders to his men, before entering the building, that if he did not come out in fifteen minutes they were to demolish it. The inquisitors on learning this dismissed him 'con muchas zalemas y carabanas,' and never troubled him again. Another time a bishop excommunicated him; and on being apprised that this meant cutting off relations between him and the faithful, he resolved to cut off relations of the faithful with the bishop, and laid siege with armed men to the episcopal palace to stop all ingress and egress as long as the excommunication should be in force. The next day the prelate raised the ban, and sent the marquis his apologies, whereupon the troops were removed. Correo Semanario (En° 10, 1827), i. 124-5.
  23. ↑ He was the first viceroy not to make a public entry, as his regularly commissioned predecessors had done. Panas, Vir., in Monum. Dom. Exp., MS., 50.
  24. ↑ His stock of wines and liquors was the finest in the country, and his table splendid. His expression of thanks to the sovereign for increase of pay and promotion was no warmer than when he was granted exemption from import duty on some barrels of Bordeaux wine. Bustamante, Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 13-14.
  25. ↑ About the time of his departure the spite of his enemies was displayed in doggerel verse, depreciating his rule, and even hinting at peculation. Vir. Instrucc., MS., Ist ser., no. 13, 1-3; no. 14, 1-4.
  26. ↑ In 1786, at the age of 87 years. Gomez, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., 2d ser., vii. 259-60. In 1775 had been paid him out of the Mexican treasury by royal order an extra allowance of $12,000. Mex., Circular sobre Nomb., MS., no. 8.
  27. ↑ In 1776 he called himself knight grand cross, and commander, having been promoted to the former dignity by the grand master of the order. Cédulario, MS., i. 153, iii. 64; Disposiciones Varias, i., no. 26; Panes, Vir., in Monum. Dom. Esp., MS., 51.
  28. ↑ One author says La de Osma. Panes, in Id., 124. And still another work descriptive of the viceroy's funeral, in the title-page has it La Tocina. The same is found in some of Bucareli's later edicts. Bucareli, Breve Descrip., Disposiciones Varias, i. 57.
  29. ↑ Later, probably after 1776, the king bestowed on him the office of a 'gentil hombre de cámara con entrada.' Panes, in Id., 124.
  30. ↑ Alburquerque, Lerma, Denia, Alba, Arcos, Medina-Coeli, etc. Bucareli was received into the order of Malta by special dispensation, when he was still under the prescribed age. Uribe, Elogio, in Breve Descrip., 8-10.
  31. ↑ Expediente promovido, in Mex., Circular sobre Nomb., MS., no. 7-26.
  32. ↑ Vir. Instruc., MS., 1st ser., no. 8, 1-2.
  33. ↑ The triumphal arch was a splendid architectural work in three of the orders, namely, Ionic, Corinthian, and composite. The allegory of Ulysses was used to represent Bucareli's great actions, his learning, wisdom, and virtues. The formula was that of the ancient Romans, with mottoes and emblems from Latin and Greek authors, and descriptions of passages in appropriate Castilian verse. Leon, J. Velasquez, Explicacion de los Adornos, 1-22.
  34. ↑ Escribano Castro, Certif., in Mex., Circular sobre Nomb., MS., no. 1.
  35. ↑ During this, his last illness, were brought to him the most notable relics in the convents and churches. The viaticum came from the sagrario of the cathedral, the archbishop accompanying the host from the foot of the palace stairs; but not administering the communion because the viceroy objected to giving him the trouble of putting on his vestments. Gomez, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., 2d ser., vii. 59.
  36. ↑ He was not backward in reimbursing the loan. Alaman, Disert., iii. app. 68. As evidence of his piety and humility, when he felt death approaching he begged to be helped on his knees that he might die in that position, or at least allowed to lie on a bare floor. Uribe, Elogio, 16-20, 28, 38-41.
  37. ↑ This is probably the correct version as to the disposal of the heart and other vitals; though it was asserted in Habana that the heart was deposited in Santa Brígida, and the entrails in the cathedral. A contemporary left it written that the heart went to the Capuchin nuns, a moiety of the other vitals to the casa de ejercicios, and the other to the cathedral. Gomez, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii. vii. 60, 74-5. Panes, Vir., in Monum. Dom. Esp., MS., 51, 124, merely says that the heart was deposited in the convent of the Capuchin nuns, and the body in the colegiata.
  38. ↑ Gomez, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Méx., série ii. vii. 85-6.
  39. ↑ He was the first regente; appointed June 20, 1776; entered upon his duties March 13, 1778, and resigned the office in 1782. Both he and his wife, Narcisa Paisagns, were from Catalonia. He died in Mexico, December 1, 1784, and was buried the next day in the chapel of Santo Domingo with the honors of the last rank he held in life. Reales Cédulas, MS., ii. 159; Gomez, Diario, 198-9. His colleagues in the government were the oidores Villaurrutia, Madrid, Gamboa, Algarin, Luyando, and Guevara. Cédulario, MS., i. 90.
  40. ↑ Every official on seeing the circular wrote over his signature in continuation the date of its receipt, as well as the obligation he was under of forwarding it to other officios residing off the main routes taken by the couriers. There were six such circulars. Liévano, Luis Mendez de, Carta á Romá, MS.
  41. ↑ Other ceremonies practised toward viceroys were omitted; for instance: the mace-bearers and doorkeepers of the city were not stationed in front of the audiencia; the holy book was not brought to the regente to kiss, 'sino la paz,' that is to say, an image to be kissed in sign of peace and fraternity, and this, not by a canon, but by the master of ceremonies wearing the surplice and stole. Gomez, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., 2d ser., vii. 62-3.
  42. ↑ Hist. Mex., ii., this series, gave full information on the preceding councils.
  43. ↑ Céula, in Concilio Prov. Mex., iv. MS., i. 1-8.
  44. ↑ Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 7.
  45. ↑ Five of the former taken from both the secular and regular clergy, and six of the latter. Sosa, Episcop. Mex., 194.
  46. ↑ The religious rites were attended by the royal courts without the viceroy; but at their termination he was found sitting on the throne under the canopy in the council chamber. Id., 193.
  47. ↑ The next day the archbishop delivered a long discourse on provincial councils, and was followed by the asistente real, or viceroy's proxy, who spoke of what was to be done, and ended with vivas and acclamations to the viceroy, and Visitador Galvez. Bustamante, Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 9.
  48. ↑ On the 10th of the same month the council was visited by De Croix's successor, Bucareli, amid much ceremonial, and with a large suite. Bustamante, Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 9-10.
  49. ↑ Concilio Prov. Mex. IV, MS., i. 365; Beleña, Recop., ii. 334-5.
  50. ↑ Concilio Prov. Mex. IV, MS., i. 9-360; ii. 13-323; Granados, Tardes, Am., 484-5. Bustamante irreverently calls this council a solemn farce, inspired by party spirit, and supported by the king or his councillors, to impress the Mexican people with awe and dread, and with the idea that the king was a divine being. Comparing it with the first presided over by Father Martin de Valencia, he derides the former as well as Lorenzana. Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 11-12. Bustamante's remarks are certainly ill-considered, for the instructions to parish priests, among other points, clearly show that they were intended to elevate, and not to depress the character of the Indians. Cathecismo por IV Concilio. This is an original manuscript, in my collection, dated September 5, 1771, bearing the signatures and rubrics of the archbishop of Mexico, bishops of Yucatan and Puebla, the proctors of Michoacan and Guadalajara, and the secretary. It is followed on pages 69 to 263 by an explanation of Christian doctrine made by the council, dated August 4, 1771, also bearing the same signatures.
  51. ↑ His earliest ecclesiastic instruction he received in a Benedictine monastery. Vir. de Mex., Instruc., MS., no. 22, 2.
  52. ↑ Concilios Prov., 1-2. His autograph signatures and official seal appear in Concilio Prov. Mex., 4; Sosa, Episcop. Mex., 192; Figueroa, Vindicias, MS., 1.
  53. ↑ Bustamante and others attribute his getting the red capello to his work in the fourth provincial council. Suplem., in Cavo, Tres Siglos, iii. 12. The fact is that the honor has been almost invariably conferred on the archbishops of Toledo.
  54. ↑ Michaud, Biog. Univ., in Sosa, Episcop. Mex., 197.
  55. ↑ Id. In Id., 198.
  56. ↑ Vir. de Mex., Instruc., MS., 1st ser., no. 22, 1-12; Ariévalo, Laudatio Funebris, 1-31. Lorenzana published several works giving impulse to letters, particularly to historical research. The principal ones were: Concilios provinciales primero y segundo, celebrados en la muy noble, y muy leal ciudad de México. Mex. 1769, folio. Concilium Mexicanum provinciale III. Celebratum Mexici, anno MDLXXX V. Prœside D. D. Petro Moyaet Contreras. . .Confirmatum Romœ die XXVII. Octobris anno MDLXXXIX. . .Mex. 1770, folio. Historia de Nueva-España, escrita por su esclarecido Conquistador Hernan Cortés, Aumentada cón otros documentos, y notas. Mex. 1770, folio. Statuta Ordinata a Sancto Conclio Provinciali Mexicano III. Ex Prœscripto Sacrosancti Concilij Tridentino Decreto Sees. 24 cap. 12 de Reform., verbo cetera. Revisa a Catholica Majestate, et a Sacrosancta sede Apostolica Confirmata, A. D. Millessimo quingestissimo octuagessimo nono, folio. In the first above mentioned work, preceding the Constituciones of the councils is the editor's carta pastoral, briefly relating the object of such councils, and giving the history of those held in Mexico. Next appear the resolutions of the first Junta Apostolica, and the curious information of Captain Juan Juarez y Gamboa in 1649 on the coming of the first clergymen to New Spain; Bishop Garcés' letter to Paulus III. in favor of the natives, and next the pope's bull in 1537 declaring the Indians rational beings. After the acts of the two councils are given biographical sketches of the archbishops of Mexico, and bishops of Puebla, Guatemala, Antequera, Michoacan, Guadalajara, Yucatan, and Durango. These biographies, though brief and often erroneous as to dates, are important for the study of Mexican ecclesiastic history. In continuation are the Avisos para la acertada conducta de un párroco en la América; Privilegios de Indios, and Avisos para que los naturales de estos reynos sean felices en lo espiritual y temporal. The whole ending with a good index in six pages of the matter contained in the volume.
    With reference to the Historia de la Nueva España, which contains the second, third, and fourth letters of Hernan Cortés, Icazbalceta says that he has been unable to ascertain if the original Lorenzana had before him was the edition in Gothic letters or Bárcia's reprint. His work is valuable any way, for his additions, namely: Alzate's map of New Spain (1769); Cortés' journey from la Antigua Vera Cruz to Mexico, for the better understanding of the places mentioned in the map; a drawing of the chief temple of Mexico; remarks for better understanding Cortés’ letters (information on ancient history with the series of Mexican emperors); months of the Mexican year (drawing); government of New Spain (list of governors and viceroys from Cortés to Viceroy de Croix); here follows Cortés' second letter; fragments of a tribute map (Mendoza's Codex), giving the towns that paid, and expressing the kind, quantity, and time (31 drawings with a preliminary note); here follows Cortés' third letter; Cortés' voyage to the Californias, with information on all expeditions made to that country till 1769, for better understanding Cortés' fourth letter and projects.
    Icazbalceta, Col. Doc. Hist. Mex., i., referring to Lorenzana's collection reprinted in New York, in 1828, 1 vol. 8vo, by Manuel del Mar, justly finds fault with the editor's alterations, an unpardonable one being that of substituting j for X in Mexican names. The editor omitted Nos. 1-5, 7, and 9 of the previous, and added an historical account of Hernan Cortés with some poor cuts taken from Clavigero. As to the tribute map, Orozco y Berra, an archæologist worthy of all respect, discovered many errors, omissions, and changes which he details in Anales del Museo Nacional de Méx., i. 183 et seq., concluding with these remarks: 'No proseguiremos amontonando cargos, doliendonos que los grandes gastos y empeño del Señor Arzobispo Lorenzana, por circunstancias fuera de su voluntad, no hubieran sido más fructuosos para la ciencia.' Lorenzana published at his own expense for distribution, not for sale, the above named works, and several others of minor importance, namely: several pastoral letters; Missale Gothicum secundum regulam B. Isidori in usum Mozarabum, Rome, 1804, folio; Opera Patrum Toletanorum; Opera S. Martini Legionensis, etc., all of which have become quite rare. Also: Aranzel para todos los curas de este arzohispado, fuera de la Ciudad de México, Mex. 1767, fol, 6 leaves; Memorial que presentan á todos las Comunidades, y Gremios los Pobres Mendigos de Mexico por mano de su Arzobispo (n. p. n. d.), 4to, pp. 29; Memorial que presentan á todos Estados los Niños Exósitos de la Imperial Ciudad de México por mano de su Arzobispo, Mex. 1770, 4to, pp. 21; Reglas para que los naturales de estos Reynos sean felices en lo espirituol, y temporal, Mex. 1768, folio, 2 leaves; Tratado del Agua Mineral Caliente de San Bartholome (n. p.), 1772, 4to.
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