History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 3/Contents

by Hubert Howe Bancroft

 

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
OPENING OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
1601-1620.
page
Character of Viceroy Monterey — Vizcaino’s Exploration — Attempted Intercourse with Japan — Montesclaros’ Firm Rule — Velasco Again Made Viceroy — Mexico under Water — The Drainage Work of Huehuetoca is Begun — A Great Engineering Feat, yet Inefficient — Negro Revolt — Progress of Settlement in Nueva Vizcaya, Sinaloa, and Sonora — A New Policy for Conquest — Uprising of the Acaxés and Xiximes — The Tepehuane War — Protective Measures for Indians — Archbishop Guerra’s Brief Rule as Viceroy — Pompous Funeral Ceremonies — The Timid Audiencia and the Pigs — Spilbergen at Acapulco — Increase of Corruption under Viceroy Guadalcázar.	1
CHAPTER II.
QUARREL OF THE VICEROY AND ARCHBISHOP.
1621-1624.
Appointment of Gelves — His Energetic and Extensive Reforms — Which are Forced also on the Clergy — Hostility of Gaviria and the Regidores — Archbishop Serna Roused — Moral Laxity in New Spain — Arrest of Varaez — Serna Interferes — The Viceroy is Excommunicated — Attitude of the Oidores — The Papal Delegate Plays a Part — More Anathemas — The Prelate Forces Himself into the Presence of the Audiencia — He is Exiled and Carried Away — Imprisonment of Repentant Oidores — A Mexican Á Becket	33
CHAPTER III.
OVERTHROW OF GELVES.
1624.
The Interdict Launched against the Capital — Excitement among the Populace — The Rabble in Arms — Attack on the Palace — The Government Declared Vested in the Oidores — Their Schemes to Secure Control — Flight of Gelves — Triumphant Entry of the Archbishop — Reactionary Measures by the Audiencia — The Viceroy under Restraint — His Vain Negotiations for Return to Power — Gathering Evidence — Measures by the King — Cerralvo Sent as Viceroy — Nominal Restoration of Gelves and Triumphant Entry — Proceedings against the Rioters — Fate of Serna and Gelves — Significance of the Outbreak	58
CHAPTER IV.
KING AND COLONY.
1624-1639.
Defence Measures — The Dutch at Acapulco — Corsair Raids along the Coast of Yucatan — The Barlovento Squadron — Royal Loans and Extortions — Inundation of Mexico — Proposed Removal of the Capital — Relief Measures and Drainage Projects — The Huehuetoca Tunnel — San Felipe the Protomartyr of Mexico — His Irregular Life and Beatification — The Hermit Lopez — Viceroy Cadereita — The Prelate Zúniga — The First Creole Archbishop	80
CHAPTER V.
ADMINISTRATION OF VICEROYS ESCALONA, PALAFOX, AND SALVATIERRA.
1640-1648.
Viceroy Escalona’s Arrival — The Bishop and Visitador Palafox — Quarrels about Doctrinas — A Covetous Ruler — Fruitless Complaints — Startling News from Portugal — Escalona’s Sympathies — An Insolent Captain — Viceroy versus Bishop — Palafox Made Archbishop and Governor of New Spain — Secret Preparations — The Stroke against Escalona — His Vindication in Spain — Palafox an Able Viceroy — Iconoclasm — Episcopal Labors at Puebla — Viceroy Salvatierra Arrives — California Explorations — Salvatierra’s Rule	98
CHAPTER VI.
JESUIT LABORS AND STRIFES.
1600-1700.
The Field of Jesuit Labors — The First Disputes with the Church of Puebla — Attitude of Palafox — Relations between the Bishop and the Jesuits — Open Hostility — Appointment of Judges — Palafox Sentenced — He Retaliates — His Flight from Puebla — The Victorious Society — The Bishop Returns — General Reprimands from Spain — The Jesuits Defeated in Rome — Revival and Conclusion of the Quarrel — Life of Palafox in Spain — His Death — Disputes with the Society about Tithes — The Jesuits at the Close of the Century	116
CHAPTER VII.
VICEROYS TORRES, ALVA, AND ALBARQUERQUE.
1648-1660.
Bishop Torres Governor of New Spain — His Brief Rule — Epidemic — Government of the Audiencia — Viceroy Alva Arrives — His Quiet Rule — Alburquerque Appointed Viceroy — He Governs with Prudence — And Checks Abuses — Loss of Jamaica and the Influence thereof on New Spain — Yucatan Infested by Pirates — Attempt to Assassinate Alburquerque — The Swift Punishment that Followed — Public Rejoicings — Viceroy and Archbishop Recalled — Their Departure and Subsequent Career	137
CHAPTER VIII.
YUCATAN.
1601-1708.
An Uneventful Period — Good Rulers — Marshal Cárlos de Luna y Arrellano — The Government of the Towns — The Monarch as a Mendicant — Governor Juan de Vergas — His Maleadministration — The Licentiate Carvajal Takes his Residencia — Indian Revolts — The Succession of Rulers — Campeche Fortified — Soberanis and Martin de Ursúa — More Dissensions — Excommunication of Soberanis — Concerning the Conquest of the Itzas. — Conduct of Ursua Justified, and his Subsequent Promotion — His Qualities as a Soldier the Cause of his Preferment	152
CHAPTER IX.
FIVE MORE VICEROYS.
1660-1680.
Count de Baños, the Twenty-third Viceroy — A New Order of Things — Indian Revolt at Tehuantepec — An Arbitrary Ruler — Character of the Man — He is Replaced by Archbishop Osorio — The Prelate’s Brief but Beneficent Government — A Native of Mexico Made Archbishop — Arrival of Marquis Mancera — His Efficient Rule — California Explorations — The Cathedral of Mexico — Its Dedication — Mancera's Wise Policy — Eruption of Popocatepetl and Other Calamities — Veraguas, Descendant of Columbus, as Viceroy — His Untimely Death — Archbishop Ribera Succeeds — His Character and Good Government — He Declines New Honors — His Retirement to Spain, and Death	164
CHAPTER X.
THE SACK OF VERA CRUZ, AND OTHER PIRATICAL RAIDS.
1680-1686.
The Corsairs in Central America and New Spain — Laguna Appointed Viceroy — Van Horn the Sea Rover — The Pirates Resolve to Attack Vera Cruz — The Corsair Lorencillo — A Clever Stratagem — Vera Cruz Surprised by Buccaneers — The Inhabitants Imprisoned in the Churches — And Kept for Three Days without Food or Water — The Captives Taken to the Island of Sacrificios — Departure of the Corsairs — Division of the Booty — News of the Raid Received in Mexico — Further Operations of the Freebooters — Dampier and Others in the South Sea — End of Laguna’s Administration	189
CHAPTER XI.
THE PROVINCE OF VERA CRUZ.
1683-1803.
Extent of the City of Vera Cruz — Entrepôt of Commerce — Character of the Population — Prosperity of the People — Its Inhabitants — Its Trade — Scarcity of Water — The Black-vomit — The Port of Vera Cruz — The Fortress of San Juande Ulúa — Its Garrison — The Works Cost Nearly Forty Millions of Pesos — Cessation of Buccaneering Raids — The Towns of Córdoba, Jalapa, and Orizaba	208
CHAPTER XII.
FLOOD, FAMINE, AND ECLIPSE.
1688-1692.
Laguna’s Administration — HisSuccessor, the Condede Galve — The Pirates Driven from the South Sea — War with France — Pirates in the North Sea — The Armada de Barlovento — Union of Spanish and English against the French — Drought and Flood — Loss of Crops — Excesses of the Soldiery — Death of María Luisa — The Drainage System — Portentous Events — The Bakers Refuse to Bake — Efforts of the Viceroy.	221
CHAPTER XIII.
CORN RIOT IN THE CAPITAL.
1692-1696.
Increased Murmurs — Rumored Grain Speculations of the Viceroy — An Imprudent Preacher — The Léperos — Pulque Shops — Inefficient Forces at Command — Awaiting Opportunity — Affair at the Granary — The Viceroy Threatened — Outbreak — Death to the Officials! — The Palace Set on Fire — The Plaza Stalls also Fired — Robbery and Murder — Executions — Revolt at Tlascala — Sale of Pulque Prohibited — Rebuilding of the Palace — Affairs in New Mexico	232
CHAPTER XIV.
VICEROYS MONTAÑEZ AND MONTEZUMA.
1696-1701.
More Insurrections in the Capital — The Baratillo Suppressed — Narrow Escape of the Treasure Fleet — Another Famine — Montezuma Succeeds Montanez — Fair at Acapulco — Obsequies on the Death of Cárlos II. — Rejoicings at the Accession of Felipe V. — Montezuma Suspected of Disloyalty — A Worthy Ruler Deposed — Jesuit Expeditions to Lower California	256
CHAPTER XV.
NEW SPAIN AT THE OPENING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
1700-1722.
Montañez Viceroy for a Second Term — His Formal Entry into the Capital — Loss of Treasure Ships — The Hermandad and Acordada — Montañez Appointed Archbishop of Mexico — Alburquerque’s Reign — His Character Illustrated — Captain Dampier Once More in the South Sea — A Privateering Expedition Fitted Out by Bristol Merchants — A Motley Crowd on Board the Ships — Their Voyage round the World — Enormous Profits of the Enterprise — Linares' Administration — Earthquake, Famine, and Flood — Contraband Trading — Valero’s Rule — Attempted Assassination — Corsairs in Yucatan	268
CHAPTER XVI.
NUEVA GALICIA.
1601-1803.
Boundaries of the Territory — Its Governors — The Audiencia of Guadalajara — Its Jurisdiction and Powers — Local Government — Corregimientos and Alcaldias Mayores — Cities, Towns, Villages, and Mining Districts — The Capital — A City of Office-holders — Treasury Department — Industrial Progress — Mines — Quicksilver Monopoly and its Effects — Agriculture and Stock-raising — Labor, Commerce, and Shipbuilding — Population and Local Statistics	296
CHAPTER XVII.
THE CONQUEST OF NAYAKIT.
1701-1722.
The Last Refuge of Idolatry in Nueva Galicia — Geography of Nayarit — Characteristics of the Natives — Partial Success of Arisbaba in 1618 — Trouble at Acaponeta — Massacre of Bracamonte and his Party in 1701 — Revolt at Colotlan — The Barefoot Friars — Mendiola’s Expedition and the First Jesuit Attempt — The Tonati Visits Mexico — His Treaty and his Flight — Preparations and Obstacles at Zacatecas — Camp at Peyotlan — Flores in Command — Assault on the Mesa — The Nayarits Subdued and Conquest Achieved — Progress of the Missions.	310
CHAPTER XVIII.
PROGRESS IN NUEVO LEON, AND CONQUEST OF SIERRA GORDA AND TAMAULIPAS.
1601-1803.
Governors Agustin de Zavala, Juan Ruiz, Martin de Zavala — Congregas — Uprising of Natives — And Final Subjection — Political Division — Secularization of Missions — And Consequent General Insurrection — Governor Barbadillo — His Prudent Measures — More Difficulties — Population of Province — Sierra Gorda — Death of Zaraza — Governor José de Escandon — His Pacification and Conquest of Sierra Gorda — Condition of Tamaulipas — Escandon is Appointed Governor — He Founds Nuevo Santander — Numerous Towns and Missions are Founded — Statistics for 1757 — General Progress of the Colonies.	333
CHAPTER XIX.
THIRTY-SEVENTH TO FORTY-THIRD VICEROYS.
1721-1760.
Bi-centennial of European Occupation — Viceroy Casafuerte — He Encourages Public Improvements — Peaceful Progress — Death of the Viceroy — His Successor Archbishop Vizarron — Negro Insurrection at Córdoba — Its Suppression by the Military — Ravages of Epidemic — Viceroy Conquista's Rule — Fuenclara Arrives — Commodore Anson — He Captures the 'Covadonga' — Spanish Jealousy — Persecution of Boturini — Loss of Valuable Manuscripts — Administration of Revilla Gigedo — His Trafficking Propensities — Famine, Disease, and Earthquakes — Fuenclara Resigns — Viceroy Amarillas — His Poverty and Death — The Audiencia Rules — Short Administration of Viceroy Cruíllas	349
CHAPTER XX.
VICEROYS FORTY-FOUR TO FORTY-SIX.
1760-1779.
Viceroy Marqués de Cruillas — King Cárlos III. Proclaimed — War with Great Britain — Extensive and Costly Preparations against Possible Attacks — Visitador-general José de Galvez — His Eminent Services in Mexico and Spain — Cruillas' Relief and Harsh Treatment — Viceroy Marqués de Croix — He Supports Galvez — His Rule Approved — Promotion, Recall, and Future Career — Unjust Strictures — Viceroy Frey Antonio María Bucarelli — General Measures of his Long Rule — His Death — Temporary Rule of the Audiencia — Fourth Ecclesiastical Council — Its Acts — Archbishop Francisco Antonio Lorenzana — His Course in Mexico and Spain — He is Made a Cardinal — Future Career and Death	363
CHAPTER XXI.
VICEROYS FORTY-SEVEN TO FORTY-NINE.
1779-1787.
Viceroy Martin de Mayorga — His Exceptional Position — War with Great Britain — Warlike Measures — Mayorga’s Efficient Rule — Viceroy Matias de Galvez — His Short Administration — He Promotes Improvements — The Conde de Aranda’s Plan — Independent Kingdoms in Spanish America to be Erected — King Carlos’ Objections — The Audiencia Rules a Few Months — Viceroy Conde de Galvez — His Great Services and Rank — Unbounded Popularity — Treasonable Schemes Attributed — His Illness and Death — Posthumous Birth of his Child — Magnificent Ceremonials at the Christening — The Family Liberally Pensioned — The Audiencia Rules Again	381
CHAPTER XXII.
MILITARY SYSTEM.
1642-1808.
Early Efforts to Provide Forces — Organization Begun — Difficulties and Changes in Policy — Regular Troops — Urban Companies — Provincial Regiments and Battalions — Presidio Companies — Coast Guards — Effective Force for War — Artillery and Other Supplies — Perote as a Deposit — Sea-coast Defences — Fortresses on Both Seas — Naval Stations — Pay Department — Pay of Officers and Men — Pension System — Annual Expenditure — Religious Department — Vicario General — Tenientes Vicarios Generales — Army and Navy Chaplains — Fuero Militar, and its Judiciary System	401
CHAPTER XXIII.
EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS.
1720-1810.
The Society of Jesus in Mexico — Last Services — Moral Condition — Squabbles about Tithes, and the Consequences — The Situation in Mexico and the World in 1750 — Members, Houses, and Missions in Mexico in 1767 — Converts Made — Unsuccessful Renunciation of Missions — Clouds Portentous of Disaster — Persecution in Portugal and France — Obloquy and Refutation — Expulsion from Spanish Dominions and Other Nations — Causes therefor — How Effected in Mexico — Sufferings of the Exiles — Harsh Treatment — Means of Support — Revolutionary Movements in Mexico Quelled — Relentless Punishment of the Leaders — Papal Suppression of the Society — Later Moderation — The Order Restored and Readmitted in Mexico to be again Expelled	426
CHAPTER XXIV.
MEXICO UNDER A REORGANIZED SYSTEM.
1769-1790.
Separate Government for the Provincias Intemas — Intendencias of Provinces — Changes Effected and Final Establishment — Viceroy and Archbishop Alonso Nuñez de Haro — His High Character and Previous Record — Extraordinary Honors Conferred on Him by the Crown — His Death and Burial — Calamitous Visitations — Epidemics and Earthquakes — Their Effect on the Ignorant — Viceroy Manuel Antonio Florez — His Previous Career — War against Apaches — English and Russians Watched in the Pacific — General Policy of this Ruler — Resignation, and Cause of It — Special Favor Shown Him by the Crown — His Departure for Spain — Obsequies of and Mourning for Cárlos III. — Grand Proclamation of Cárlos IV. — Honors to Royal Personages	450
CHAPTER XXV.
ADMINISTRATION OF VICEROY REVILLA GIGEDO THE YOUNGER.
1789-1794.
Ancient and modern Population of New Spain and the Capital — Chapultepec — Palace of Viceroy Galvez — Moral and Social Condition of the Capital — Reforms Made by the Viceroy — Appearance of the City in 1800 — Prominent Buildings — And Other Objects of Note — Nuestra Señora de los Remedies — Arrival of Revilla Gigedo — Crimes and Quick Justice — Military Reforms — Indian Disturbances — The Viceroy’s Letter-box — Formation of Official Archives — Intendencias — Effect of the French Revolution on New Spain — Recall of the Viceroy — Unjust Persecution — His Final Vindication	470
CHAPTER XXVI.
FIFTY-THIRD AND FIFTY-FOURTH VICEROYS.
1794-1803.
Viceroy Branciforte — Prejudice against Him — And Causes thereof — Persecution of French Residents — Organization of the Militia — Shameful Traffic in Honors and Commissions — A Depleted Treasury — Auto de Fé — Persecution of the English — Preparations for War — Recall of Branciforte — Arrival of Viceroy Azanza — Military Changes — Effects of the War with England — Germs of Revolution in Mexico — Guerrero’s Conspiracy — Fate of the Malecontents — The Machete Plot — Indian Aspirations to Royalty — Discomfiture of Native Conspirators — Internal Progress — Storms and Earthquakes — Recall of the Viceroy	485
CHAPTER XXVII.
ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS
1500-1800.
Peculiar Features of Spanish Colonies — The Supreme Authority — Division of the Indies — Provincial Government — Municipalities — Local Administration — Indian Communities — Office-holding, Restrictions and Requisites — Salable Positions — Vanity and Precedence — New Spain, Extent and Divisions — Offices and Duties of the Viceroy — Pomp, Privileges, and Pay — Vicissitudes and Jurisdiction of the Audiencia — Oidores' Tasks and Honors — Different Instance Courts — Costly Litigation — Causes of Crime — Peculiar and Severe Punishments — At the Scaffold	517
CHAPTER XXVIII.
MINES AND MINING.
1500-1800.
Traffic with the Natives of Central America — Doings of the Conquerors in that Quarter — Mineral Deposits — Something of South America — Earliest Discoveries in Mexico — Aztec Mining — Protective Policy of the Crown — A Great Discovery — Distribution and Consumption of Quicksilver — Fruitless Efforts to Obtain It in Mexico — Geological View — Silver Ores — Gold and Other Metals — Quarries and Salines — Location of Rich Mines — Attractive Regions — Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas — Their Advantage over the North — Mines near the Capital — The Cuerpo de Minería — A Great Mining Tribunal — New Laws — Mining System — The Total Yield of Mexico — The Share of the Crown — Bibliographical	553
CHAPTER XXIX.
AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.
1521-1803.
Aztec Land System — Spanish Policy and Influence — Cortés as a Farmer — Maize — Maguey and its Manifold Use — Cacao and Vanilla — Introduction of Sugar-cane and Wheat — Fertility of the Southern Provinces — Plantains — Culture of Silk, Vine, and Olives — Tobacco and its Monopoly — Stock-raising — Woollen, Cotton, and Linen Manufactures — Production of Spirituous Liquors — Minor Products — Fisheries and Pearls — Aztecs as Artisans — Feather-work and Jewelry — Oppressive Colonial Policy — Industries at the Close of the Century — Bibliographical	603
CHAPTER XXX.
COMMERCE.
1500-1800.
The Selfish Policy of Spain — Commercial and Moral Effect in New Spain — Casa de Contratacion and Consulados — Depredations by Hostile Nations and Corsairs — Early Trade with Santo Domingo — Intercolonial Trade with the Philippines — Decadence — Commerce with Peru — Niggardly Regulations — Mexican Highways — The Road from Vera Cruz to the Capital and Acapulco — Stage Lines — Internal Navigation — The Postal Service — Abuses — The Crown Assumes the Management — Internal Trade — Fairs and Markets — Relaxation of Restrictions — Insurance Companies — A Bubble Bank and Gulled Shareholders — Expansion of Commerce under Free Trade	627
CHAPTER XXXI.
REVENUE AND FINANCE.
1600-1809.
Treasury Department Established — Royal Officers — The Department as Fully Organized — Regulations and Restrictions — Collection of Revenue — The King’s Fifth — Smelting — Tribute — Quicksilver — Customs Duties — Imports and Exports — The Manila Trade — Royal Monopolies and Sale of Offices — Gambling License — Liquor Traffic — Taxation — Sale of Indulgences — Tithes — Cacao as Currency — Establishment of a Mint — Coinage — Income	651
CHAPTER XXXII.
THE SECULAR CLERGY.
1600-1800.
Vicious Ecclesiastics — Struggle between the Regular Orders and the Secular Clergy — Influence of the Religious on the Masses — The Royal Prerogative — Privileges of the Ecclesiastics — Right of Sanctuary — The Bishoprics of New Spain — Religious Fraternities — Church Property — Its Confiscation Ordered — Church Revenues — The Inquisition	681
CHAPTER XXXIII.
RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
1601-1803.
Royal Consideration for Friars — Their Privileges — Abuses — Collision between the Church and the Orders — Causes — Dissensions among the Orders — Gachupin and Creole Friars — Their Unseemly Quarrels — Vice and Immorality — Great Increase in Number of Regulars — Nunneries and Nuns — Missions — Church Secularization — Routine of Duties — Progress of the Franciscans — Efforts in Sierra Gorda — The Augustinians — Division of their Provincia — Internal Dissension — El Triénio Feliz — Disturbance in the Convent at Mexico — Arrival of Barefooted Augustinians — Dominican Labors — Minor Orders — Orders of Charity	702
CHAPTER XXXIV.
SOCIETY.
1500-1800.
Evolution of a Race — Typical Characteristics — Statistics of Population — Proportion and Distribution of Races — Causes for Decrease of Aborigines — Creole versus Spaniard — Jealousies and Impolitic Measures — Immigration, and Character of Arrivals — Status of Foreigners — Indian Policy and its Effect — Race Stigma — Negro Slavery — Condition of the Mixed Breeds — Beggars and Nobles — Nature and Extent of Diseases — Matlazahuatl, Smallpox, Vómito Prieto, and Famines — Doctors and Treatment — Hospitals and Asylums — Mourning and Cemeteries — Meat and Drink — Sumptuary Laws — National Dress — Love of Display — False Gloss — Women, Morals, and Marriage — The Home — Holiday Celebration — Coaches and Riders — Barbaric Sport — Gambling — The Drama — Social Reunions	731