Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature/Volume 6/Index

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War Appendix

Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature, Volume VI (1902 and 1910)
by Captain F. Brinkley

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Shared index for volumes I, II, III, IV, V, and VI.

4055717Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature, Volume VI1902 and 1910Captain F. Brinkley

INDEX

Abe Masahiro, Shōgun minister, reform administration, iii. 173.
Aborigines, i. 35; revolt, 160, 162, 163.
"Age of the gods," legend of Japanese origin, i. 27–29; possible transcript from Chinese accounts, 81.
Age of the nation, i. 4.
Agriculture, ancient products, i. 122; official encouragement, 123; rise of gentleman farmers, iii. 141; conditions in Tokugawa epoch, 151, iv. 97–101, 264, 265; inadequate for home demands, vi. 217. See also Land, Rice.
Ainu, aborigines, i. 35; change in nature, 36.
Aizu, Chief of, foreign policy, iii. 221.
Aki, courtesan, i. 233.
Amaterasu Okami, goddess of the sun, legend, i. 27, 28, 57, v. 109, 110.
Ambition, national characteristic, i. 13, 18, 90.
Amusements, ancient, i. 66; verse-making pastimes, 66, 154, 190, 219, iii. 59–61; hunting, i. 66, 156, 164, ii. 180; of Nara epoch, i. 155; of Heian epoch, 190–195, 218–220; comparing of incenses, iii. 1–9; of Military epoch, 15; of middle classes in Military epoch, 64; plum-blossom fête, vi. 53; five festivals of the season, 61; cherry-blossom fête, 64–67; shell-fish picnic, 67–71; various flower-fêtes, 72; moon fête, 95–98; chrysanthemum fête, 98. See also Dancing, Festivals, Games, Observances, Public story-telling, Tea Ceremonial, Theatre, Wrestling.
Ancestral worship, primæval, i. 49; and personal justice, ii. 140; basis of Shinto, v. 115; Bon fête, vi. 74–77.
Ando, Shōgun minister, on the ronin, iii. 195; on assassination of Heusken, 201.
Ando Sayemon, Hōjō follower, story of his suicide, ii. 190.
Animals, character of wild, v. 191.
Annals, primæval, i. 26, 80, 247; composition, 30; reliance on Chinese sources, 80–83.
Anrakuan Shakuden, founder of school of public story-telling, vi. 103, 235.
Ansei era, iii. 190, 254.
Arai Hakuseki, Shōgun minister, attempts to check imperialistic tendencies, iii. 139; restores coinage standard, 149; eclectic philosophy, iv. 130; rationalism, v. 112.
Archery. See Bow and arrow.
Architecture, ancient dwellings, i. 62–64, 250; improvements under Chinese influence, 84, 106; plan of Nara, 133; introduction and use of tiled roofs, 137, ii. 64, iv. 19; edicts for better dwellings, i. 138; of Heian epoch, 197; Palace at Kyōtō, 198; noblemen's houses of Heian epoch, 199, 202; interior of nobleman's house, 202–205; plan of Kyōtō, 253–255; military residences of Military epoch, ii. 60–67; fire-proof storehouses, 67, 280, iv. 20; temples, ii. 81–86, 89; mausolea, 86; tea pavilion, 255; pagodas, 281; baronial mansions at Yedo, iv. 11; Shōgun's castle, 12; Nikko mausoleum, 14–17; common dwellings of Yedo, 17, 21–23, 26; gateways and barracks of baronial mansions, 21. See also Decoration, Fortifications.
Area of Japan, i. 247.
Aristocracy, office-holding, ancient hereditary, i. 51; divine origin, 51; power of patriarchal families, 86, 100; their overthrow, 101, 110; grades and costumes, 107, 108, 141–143, 209, ii. 91, 92; land and rank, 116; freedom from taxation, 118, 170, ii. 125; rebirth of hereditary, i. 158, 161, 167, 168; acquisition of great estates, 161; imperial hereditary, during Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 5; Tokugawa shogunate hereditary, 8, 28, 33, 35. See also Court, Nobility.
Arisugawa, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 215.
Arisugawa, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Armour, primæval, i. 47; type, ii. 157; materials, 158; ornamentation, 158; horse, 160.
Army, reason for modern augmentation, i. 16, 18; compared with European, i. 9, v. 71–73; efficiency, i. 21–23, vi. 223; organisation and conscription under Taikwa reforms, i. 110; mediæval, ii. 116, 161; ancient, 176; modern military school, iii. 173; nucleus of modern, iv. 196; in Saigo insurrection, 214; conscription, 206, v. 80, 81, 83; strength, 13; foreign depreciation, 68. See also Feudalism, Military class.
Art, Chinese influence, i. 124, ii. 109; development in Military epoch, ii. 77, 229; official encouragement, 78, 108–111; influences on development, 155; and nature, 245; influence of Tea Ceremonial, 268–270, 272–275. See also the arts by name and later index.
Asamura, famous archer, ii. 131.
Ashikaga family, branch of the Minamoto, ii. 16; placed in power by Takauji, 16, 20; principles of power, 24; attitude toward the sovereign, 204. See also Government (Military epoch), Takauji, Yoshimasa, Yoshimitsu.
"Associated death," practice of, and revival in military suicide, ii. 223, 225.
Asukai, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Baigan. See Ishida Kampei.
Bando soldiers, origin, i. 163; control, 169, ii. 9, 13; moral decline, 25. See also Military class.
Banking, mediæval rice exchanges, vi. 180; development, 187–190; early banknotes, 187.
Banzan, Kumazawa, on rights of sovereign, ii. 206; political philosophy, iii. 135–137, iv. 130; practical reforms, iii. 136; disciples, 137.
Barrows of primæval Japan, i. 40–44.
Barter, early, vi. 130; rice as standard of value, 135; in foreign trade, 172.
Bathhouses, public, of Tokugawa epoch, iv. 117–119.
Beggars, kinds, ii. 45.
Benkei, Yoshitsune's follower, iii. 36.
Bills of exchange, introduction, vi. 149.
Bonin Islands, acquired, i. 3.
Book of Changes. See Divination.
Bow and arrow, chief weapon, ii. 128; skill in using, 128, 130–133; size and material, 130, 282; method of using, 133; kinds of archery, 134; superstitions, v, 193.
Bribery, iv. 250–252.
Brigandage in Heian epoch, i. 231.
British, accuse Catholic priests of political intrigue, iii. 125; warned off, 160, 162; bombard Kagoshima, 218; and the extra-territorial tribunals, v. 30, 36–38; occupy Wei-hai-wei, 67.
Bronze age, represented by barrows, i. 41, 45.
Buddhism, introduction, i. 89; reception, 90, 91; original creed, 90, 129, 176, ii. 227, v. 142, 258; armed propagation, i. 92; early zeal of court and nobles for, 92, 93, 97, 134, 181, 251; imperial monks, 94, 184, 251, 257; reason for favourable reception, 90; shares in the administration, 93; results of introduction, 97, 103, 183; and the basis of sovereign power, 94–97, 129; union with Shintō, 96, 129, v. 143, 171, 182; character of priests, i. 97, 189, 235, v. 165, 170; interest in welfare of the people, i. 124, 135, 185; music, 154; temporal and militant power, 159, 161, 163, 184, ii. 6, 12, 13, 31, iii. 110–112, 115, 120; mercenary motives, i. 184; and superstition, 176, 178, 180; Tendai sect, 180, v. 143, 258; Shingon sect, i. 180, v. 144–147; opposition to Christianity, ii. 32; Zen sect and the military class, ii. 61, 227, v. 150; Japanese attitude toward, ii. 173, v. 152–162, 165, 174; and the development of the drama, iii. 23–31, 48; Nobunaga's enmity, 112; denounced, 136; Fuke-shu and the komuso, iv. 51; influence on private opinion, 106; adaptability, v. 140, 151; sects of salvation by faith, 147–149, 258–259; Nichiren sect, 149; rites, 162–164, 169; modern influence of Christianity on, 166; relation to the State, 166–169, 174–176, 249; maintenance, 189. See also Religion, Shintō.
Bunshi family, educational monopoly, i. 126.
Buretsu, emperor, cruelty, i. 85.
Bushi. See Military class.
Calendar, vi. 33, 53.
Censors of Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 31.
Cha-no-yu. See Tea Ceremonial.
Chikamatsu Monzayemon, dramatist, iv. 149, vi. 111.
China, claim to Loochoo Islands, i. 3; age of the empire, 4; conditions, 4; decadence, 5, 13; and Japan during period of isolation, 8; hegemony in the Far East, 17, 74, vi. 159, 162; ancient intercourse with Japan, i. 69; influence on Japan, 71, 75, 103, 106, 126, 151, ii. 109; colonists to ancient Japan, i. 75, 83; early references to Japan, 80; renewed intercourse with Japan, ii. 108; Japanese piratical forays, iii. 104; Formosa incident, iv. 209; claim to Riukiu Islands, v. 41–43; attitude toward her buffer states, 43; Boxer insurrection, 67; Japanese hopes for, 75; trade with Japan, vi. 127, 144, 148, 150, 158–162, 171–173, 238. See also Chinese war.
Chinese war, approximate cause, i. 17, v. 44–53; ultimate cause, i. 17, v. 54; results, i. 18, v. 62–65; cost, i. 20; conduct, 21; outbreak, v. 53; influence of Japanese domestic politics, 55; progress, 56–59; casualties, 59; treaty of peace, 59; European interference, 60.
Chisuga, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 221.
Chōnen, a priest, account of a journey to China, i. 72.
Chori, officer controlling outcast class, ii. 43, 49.
Chōshiu province, anti-foreign agitation, iii. 214; fires on foreign ships, 223; attack on Kyōtō, 225; attacked by foreign ships, 226; shogunate expeditions against, 227, 233; edict against, 234; relation to Satsuma province, 234–237; fief surrendered to the sovereign, iv. 189, 190.
Christianity, introduction and early success, ii. 32, iii. 102, 108–110; opposition, ii. 32; attitude of Nobunaga, 33, iii. 113; false methods, 103, 116; suspected of political designs, 113, 117, 119, 125; Hideyoshi's attitude, 113–119; militant spirit, 115, 126; persecution of, 116, 118, 122; quarrel of Franciscans and Jesuits, 117; defiance to secular authority, 118–121; Iyeyasu's attitude, 119–126; growth, 122; extermination decreed, 123; Jesuit monopoly abolished, 123; Japanese attitude toward, defended, 126; extermination, 127, 136; responsible for closing of Japan, 129; modern influence on Buddhism, v. 166; Christian officials and Shintō ceremonials, 182–185; modern condition, 184.
Church and State, ancient union, i. 52, 54, 93; modern relation, v. 166–169, 174–176, 178, 249, 259.
Civil liberty, right of private opinion, iii. 132; under the Constitution, iv. 239. See also Newspapers, Property.
Civil service, ancient examinations, i. 108; character of modern officials, v. 93; grades and rank, 94; pay and number of central government officials, 95; local officials, 99, 286.
Civil war, revolt of the aborigines, i. 160, 162, 163; disorders of Heian epoch, 230; strife of the Taira and Minamoto, ii. 5, 6; between imperial and military power, 12, 14–25; feudal anarchy, 28–36, iii. 88; Shimabara revolt, 127; Yeto's insurrection, iv. 208; Saigo's rebellion, 213–215.
Civilisation, vigour and power of assimilation, i. 5, 9, 11, 12, 23, 50; period of isolation, 6–9, iii. 129; changes due to renewal of foreign intercourse, i. 9–11, iv. 215–219, 234; points of superiority, i. 13, iii. 246; ambition, i. 13–15, 18, 90; patriotism, 14, ii. 208–210, iii. 170, 178, v. 183; attitude of the Occident, i. 15; faculty of organisation, 21, 50, vi. 192; handicaps to advancement, i. 21, vi. 221–227; dependence on governmental initiative, i. 24, 83, 90, iv. 216; Chinese influence, i. 71, 83, 103, 106; progress of ancient, 83, 105; effect of Buddhism, 97, 103, 183; love of beauty and valour, ii. 76, 77, vi. 13–15; effect of long peace of Tokugawa epoch, iii. 140–145; individual attempts to acquire Occidental, 158, 163; Japan an Occidental nation, 246; conservatism in costume and dwelling, iv. 23–26; conciliation and courtesy, 103–109.
Classes, patrician and plebeian, i. 103; ancient, 108, 109, v. 137–140; mediæval, ii. 40, 284, iv. 4; Eta or outcast, ii. 41–46, 49, vi. 232; the "gallant," iv. 145–148. See also Aristocracy, Crime, Military class, Nobility, Serfs, Social condition.
Cleanliness, i. 64, 214, v. 126.
Commerce. See Trade.
Communication. See Trade, Travel.
Conciliation, Japanese trait, iv. 103–107.
Concubinage, recognition, i. 104, 112, 115, 150; royal, 166, 255; Shōgun, iv. 36–39.
Conder, J., on temple architecture, ii. 81–86; on mural paintings, 88; on landscape gardening, 235, 239, 240; on pagodas, 281; on flower arrangement, iii. 13, 14.
Confucianism, introduction, i. 76, 84; doctrine and influence, 85, 105, 127, 128, 252, ii. 172, 224, iii. 167, v. 131–136, 159, 289; and government, i. 129; and the vendetta, ii. 140; and patriotism, iii. 95; anti-feudal tendencies, 134, 138; preached, 143; political creed, 156; exposition, iv. 131, and divination, v. 221. See also Philosophy.
Constitution, promulgated, iv. 234; character, 236, 243; provisions, 238.
Cooking. See Food.
Costumes, primæval, i. 45, 48; personal ornaments not worn, 48; tattooing, 67, iv. 165; methods of dressing the hair, i. 107, 144, 209, 212, 225, ii. 92–95, 104, iv. 177–179, 183, 218; hats as insignia of rank, i. 107, 108, 141; male, in Nara epoch, 139; footgear, 140, ii. 99, iv. 178; sumptuary laws, i. 140–144, ii. 98, 99, iii. 143, iv. 157–161, 163; and rank, i. 142, 209, 213, ii. 91, 92; colour and rank, i. 143, 209, ii. 92; female, in Nara epoch, i. 143, 253; male, in Heian epoch, 208, 212; female, in Heian epoch, 209–212; treatment of the face, 212, ii. 91, 104, iv. 177–180; staining of the teeth, i. 212, ii. 92, 104, iv. 180; of Military epoch, ii. 91–99; development of the girdle, 95, iv. 179; hats of Military epoch, ii. 97; family badges, 98; and seasons, 103; modern conservatism in female, iv. 23; of Yedo court ladies, 176; feudal soldier's, 177; female, in Tokugawa epoch, 179–183; for various dances, vi. 80–82.
Court, imperial, early zeal for Buddhism, i. 92, 93, 97, 134, 181, 184, 251; lack of fixed residence, 131; necessity of a permanent capital, 132; etiquette of Nara epoch, 145; rank classification, 165; effeminacy and immorality in Heian epoch, 187; pastimes in Heian epoch, 190–195; vicissitudes in Military epoch, ii. 14, 29, 51–54, 58, 88; conditions in Tokugawa epoch, iii. 90, iv. 5–8; hereditary accomplishments, 5; Shintō ceremonials, v. 178–185. See also Aristocracy, Emperor, Shogun.
Courtesy, national characteristic, iv. 107–109.
Courts of law. See Justice.
Creation, theory, v. 108.
Crime, ancient category, i. 59, 60, 68; ronin, iv. 50; kōmuso, 51–53; modern criminal classes and systems, 79–91. See also Justice.
Customs, cleanliness, i. 64, 214, v. 126; hospitality, iv. 25; professional greetings, 87, 264; courtesy and conciliation, 103–109; vagaries, 162; fixity, vi. 32. See also Civilisation, Costume, Etiquette.
Daigo, emperor, superstition, i. 179.
Daigo, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Daihachi, Wada, famous archer, ii. 132.
Dancing, beginnings, i. 65; harmony of Japanese music, poetry, and, 154; importance in Heian epoch, 219, 229; development and varieties in Heian epoch, 220–228; the Den-gaku and Sam-gaku and the origin of the drama, 226–228, iii. 21–28; the Nō dance-drama, 28–31; Bon, vi. 76, 83; character, 78, 234; vogue, 79; the honen-odori of Kyōtō, 80; the tanabata dance, 81; the gebon-odori, 82; character of the chaunts, 82; specimen chaunts, 83. See also Geisha.
Danjuro, Ichikawa, famous actor, vi. 119, 122; emoluments, 119.
Danzayemon Yorikane, made chōri, ii. 43; power and position, 49.
Debt. See Loans.
Decoration, interior, in Military epoch, ii. 62, 66, 280; mural paintings of temples, 87–89; of Shōgun's palace, iv. 12; for New Year, vi. 36, 49; for the boys' fête, 71; for the Bon festival, 74.
Dengyō Daishi, founder of Tendai sect of Buddhists, i. 180, v. 290.
Deputies of Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 30.
Diet, constitution of national, iv. 238, 242, 265; powers, 239, 240; conditions, 239–241, 267; influence of House of Peers, 254; procedure, 257–260.
Disasters, in first part of eighteenth century, iii. 148; fires in Yedo, 149, 153; in second half of eighteenth century, 154; famine in 1833–1835, 162.
Divination, early, i. 57, 87; official, 174–176; principle of the Book of Changes, v. 221; methods, 222–228, 230–233; professors, 225; popularity, 228; use, 228.
Divorce, ancient conception, i. 104; right of, under Taikwa reforms, 113. See also Marriage.
Dokyo, Buddhist monk, conspires to obtain the throne, i. 93, 97, ii. 284.
Dolmens of ancient Japan, i. 40–44.
Drama, origin, iii. 21–28; development in Military epoch, 28–31, 48; the farce, 31; and the Indian drama, 32–34; and the Chinese drama, 34; specimen of the early, 35–48; morality, 49; early audiences, 50; plots of the farces, 50; specimen farce, 52–59. See also Theatre.
Drink, early use of saké, i. 60; in Nara epoch, 146; in Heian epoch, 214, 258; mediæval brewing regulations, vi. 181. See also Food, Tea.
Dutch, conditions of exclusive trade, i. 7, 8, iii. 128, vi. 167–171; commercial convention of 1610, iii. 125; accuse Catholic priests of political intrigue, 125; advise abandonment of isolation, 164.
Dwellings. See Architecture.
Earthquakes, not mentioned among early evils, i. 60; in Yedo, iii. 149; superstitions concerning, v. 191.
Echizen-no-Kamo. See Mizuno Tadakuni.
Education, beginnings, i. 125; first schools, 127; curriculum, 127; influence of Confucianism, 127, 128, 252; in accomplishments, 219; lack of moral teaching, 229; schools of Heian epoch, 229; University of Yedo during Tokugawa epoch, iv. 133; schools for military class, 134, 136; popular lectures, 135; elementary, 136–141; Chinese students in Japan, v. 76; modern compulsory, 77; elementary, 77, 78; kindergartens, 79; elementary training-schools, 79; middle schools, 79; high schools, 80; and conscription, 80, 81, 83; training schools, 81; normal schools, 81; universities, 82; pay of teachers, 82; private institutions, 82; athletics, 83.
Emperor, divine right, i. 29, 94–97, 129, ii. 22, 37, iii. 88, v. 138, 176–178; royal consorts, i. 158, 167, 253, ii. 15, iii. 96; royal concubines, i. 166, 255; military class attitude toward, ii. 201–207; complete seclusion during Tokugawa epoch, iii. 90, iv. 7; share in the reorganisation, iv. 236; financial condition, 237; powers under the Constitution, 239, 242. See also Government.
Ethics. See Buddhism, Morals, Shintō.
Ethnography, i. 36–40, v. 252.
Etiquette, Shotoku on, i. 99; of travelling, 208, ii. 116; official, of Nara epoch, i. 144; and morality in Heian epoch, 189; delight in the allegorical, 217; table, of Military epoch, ii. 112–114; elaborateness, 114; formalism as a national trait, iv. 109–111; of New Year's calls, vi. 37–39. See also Tea Ceremonial.
Extra-territorial tribunals, v. 28–41.
Family, ancient, i. 61; organisation under the Taikwa reforms, 111; administrative and responsible local group, 112, 119, iv. 92; fealty and consanguinity, ii. 212–214; ambition and consanguinity, 214. See also Marriage, Property.
Family badges, use, ii. 98, 99, 102; origin, 100, 101; particular, 100, 101.
Fencing. See Sword.
Festivals, procession of tutelary deities, vi. 1–5; Sano, of Tōkyō, 5–10; Kanda, of Tōkyō, 10–12; Gion, of Kyōtō, 15–17; Tori-no-Machi, 17–19; fire, of Kyōtō, 19–21; Tsukuma, in Omi, 21; laughing, of Wasa, 22–24; of athletic character, 24–31; and superstitions, 31. See also Observances.
Feudalism, foreshadowed, i. 161, 165, 169–172; complete establishment, ii. 610, 26, 28; Iyeyasu's measures, iii. 92–94; organisation, iv. 9–11, 188, 263; criminal survivals, 87; overthrow, 187–194, 196–201, 211–215, v. 11. See also Government (Military epoch, Tokugawa epoch), Military class.
Filial piety, laws to enforce, iv. 113; and prostitution, vi. 94. See also Ancestral worship.
Finances, lack of capital, i. 23, v. 24, 251; embarrassment of Tokugawa, iii. 147–150, 161; conditions at beginning of modern era, v. 2; creation of a surplus, 7; specie reserve, 7; foreign opinions, 9; foreign loans, 10; gold standard, 10, 249; national debt, 11–14, 250; revenue and expenditures, 14–21; national wealth and income, 21; distribution of wealth, 22; gold output, 23; development of resources, 23, 25, 26. See also Banking, Loans, Money, Taxation.
Fishing industry, vi. 239.
Flags, use, ii. 160, 283.
Flowers, love of, i. 194, vi. 65; principles of arrangement, iii. 9–15; receptacles, 14; various fêtes, vi. 53, 64, 66, 72, 98.
Food, primæval, i. 49; during Nara epoch, 146; during Heian epoch, 213–217; during Military epoch, ii. 106; culinary art during Military epoch, 111; table etiquette, 112–114.
Foreign relations, spirit of expansion, i. 2–4, vi. 167; beginning of modern, i. 9; Occidental attitude toward Japan, 15, v. 69–71; Chinese war and hegemony in the Far East, i. 16–18; ambition as to world power, 17–19; desire for equal status with the Occident, 18, 19; handicaps, 23–25; Iyeyasu ignores, iii. 94; policy of isolation begun, 99, 128; measures to preserve isolation, 159–163; protests against isolation, 163; foreign advice against isolation, 164; arrival of Commodore Perry, 165; reception, 165–168, 172; departure and return, 171; treaty with United States, 172; people deceived as to the treaty, 173, 175, 179; reception of first foreign representative, 174; end of isolation, 175, 179; anti-foreign agitation, 175, 183, 214; parties on question of, 176; foreign policy of the imperial court, 179, 181, 187–192, 213; policy of Ii, 183, 185, 253; public faith of Japan doubted, 185–187, 198–204, 255; real and assumed policy of shogunate, 185–187, 198, 210, 213; military class antagonism to foreign intercourse, 191, 193; assassination of foreigners and liberals, 192, 193, 201, 212; considerations on anti-foreign agitation, 193–197; expulsion of foreigners ordered, 219, 221, 223, 224; results of Richardson murder, 218, 220, 222, 224; Shimo-no-seki episode, 223, 226, 229, 256; overthrow of anti-foreign faction, 224–227, 233, 242–244; Parkes's Hyōgo expedition, 228–232; policy of the new imperial government, 244; review of change in policy, 244–246; extra-territorial tribunals, v. 28–39; effect of their abolition, 40; rights of foreigners, 32, 37, 39; Russia and Korea, 65, 74; friendship with Great Britain, 66, 75; attitude in the Boxer insurrection, 67–69; Russia and Manchuria, 73; friendship with United States, 75. See also China, Chinese war, Christianity, Korea, Trade (foreign).
Formalism and conciliation, iv. 109–111.
Formosa, acquired, i. 2, 3, v. 60; military expedition to, iv. 209.
Fortifications of the Military epoch, ii. 68–75, 163; Shōgun's castle at Yedo, iv. 14.
Fox, superstitions concerning, ii. 47, v. 197–200.
France, interference in Chinese war treaty, v. 60, 61.
Fujita Tōko, opposition to the guilds, vi. 191.
Fujiwara family, rise to power, i. 157–159; divine origin, 159, v. 139; furnish imperial consorts, i. 158, 167, 253, 255; principles of control, 167, ii. 10, v. 139; decline, ii. 2.
Fujiwara Seika, expounder of Chuan philosophy, iv. 129.
Fuji-yama, eruption, iii. 149.
Fukuhara, seat of Taira control, ii. 50, 59.
Fukuoko, later Count, bears Tosa memorial to Kyōtō, iii. 239.
Fukushima Masanori, Hideyoshi's officer, ii. 204.
Funeral customs, primæval, i. 40–45; ancient, 66, 105, ii. 223; architecture of mausolea, 86.
Furniture, mats, i. 145, 204, ii. 63, iv. 22; of Heian epoch, i. 204–206; brazier, ii. 104, iv.
Furuta, chief of Oribe, master of tea cult, ii. 255, 257.
Fushimi, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
"Gallant," or otoko-date, iv. 145–148.
Gambling, early universality, i. 156; in Heian epoch, 193; military class methods, iii. 17; Tokugawa laws against, iv. 84; modern, vi. 59–61, 233.
Games, football, i. 193, iii. 15–17, vi. 54; battleboard and shuttlecock, 39–41; kite flying, 41–45, 232; handball, 54; ranging of sixes, 55; poem shells, 56; card games, 57; go, 58; chess, 58; ken, 234; nanko, 235. See also Gambling.
Gardening, landscape, during Heian epoch, i. 199–202; development during Military epoch, ii. 229, 231–233, 246; subjective aspects, 233–235; characteristic, 235–241, 247; miniature, 241; dwarf trees, 242–245.
Geisha, prototype, i. 224; laws against, iv. 115, 120; in the Kanda festival of Tōkyō, vi. 10–12; character and duties of modern, 84, 87, 97; training, 86; earnings, 87, 88; redemption, 88.
Gemmiyo, empress, and plan of Nara, i. 133; interest in welfare of people, 136.
Gempei war, ii. 5, 279.
Genroku era, character, iii. 146, 147, iv. 1.
Gensho, empress, encourages agriculture, i. 123; interest in people's welfare, 136.
Geography of Japan, i. 2–4, 247.
Germany, interferes in Chinese war treaty, v. 60, 61; seizes Kiao-chow, 63.
Giyogi, Buddhist prelate, reconciles Shintō and Buddhism, i. 96; interest in internal improvements, 135.
Godaigo, emperor, attempts to rehabilitate imperial power, ii. 14–17; mistake, 17, plot against, 18; war against Takauji, 20–22; flight, 22; submission, 22; second flight, 23; character, 23; exile, 284.
Gohei, origin and significance, i. 56, 250, v. 121.
Gojo, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Gokyogoku, Yoshitsume, treatise on landscape gardening, ii. 231.
Go-Murakami, emperor, ii. 106.
Goto family, metalworkers, vi. 138.
Goto, later Count, bears Tosa memorial to Kyōtō, iii. 239.
Go-toba, emperor, swordsmith, ii. 143, 146; patron of wrestling, iii. 67.
Go-tsuchi-mikado, emperor, iii. 60.
Government, ancient: patriarchal form, i. 50, 51; functions, 50–53; union of Church and State, 52, 54, 93; hereditary officials, 53; usurpations of office-holding clans, 85, 86, 100; national polity and Buddhism, 94–97; Shotoku on the monarchy, 99; first rehabilitation of imperialism, 101–103; Taikwa Reform, 101, 105; administrative reorganisation, 107; national polity and ethical teachings, 129.
Heian epoch: failure of Taikwa reforms, i. 157, 160–165; rebirth of hereditary officialism, 161, 165, 168; principles of Fujiwara regency, 167, ii. 10, 19; independent power of the provinces, i. 168–170; impotence of the central, 230–232, ii. 1, 2; decline of Fujiwara power, 2, 14; second rehabilitation of imperialism, 3; tendency toward delegated authority, 4, 11, 38, iii. 133, iv. 220.
Military epoch: control of the Taira, ii. 5, 19; Yoritomo establishes military feudalism, 6; principles of his rule, 7–10, 19; first Shōgun, 8; attitude toward imperial court, 9; power of Shōgun passes to Hōjō vicegerency, 11; Hōjō attitude toward imperial court, 11, 12, 19, 201–204, iv. 8; decline of the Hōjō, ii. 12–14; overthrow, 14–17; third rehabilitation of imperialism, 14, 17–19; Ashikaga control, 19–21; dual monarchy, 23; principles of Ashikaga control, 24, 26; monarchy unified, 26; increased power of provinces, 26; administrative power passes to wardens, 28; anarchy, 29; Hideyoshi gains control as regent, 36; characteristics of military, 39; Hideyoshi's administrative organisation, iv. 32.
Tokugawa epoch: principles of Iyeyasu's power as Shōgun, iii. 89–91, iv. 6–8; his constitution, iii. 91; manipulation of the feudatories, 92, 93; Iyemitsu's autocracy, 98, 99, iv. 7; power of shogunate passes to premier, iii. 132, iv. 29; tendencies toward revival of imperialism, iii. 134–139, 144, 146, 152, 155, 156, 161, 168–171; effort to counteract the tendency, 139, 145; council of feudal chiefs, 166; reforms after Perry's visit, 173; revival of imperial authority, 179–182, 187; shogunate autocracy reasserted, 183–185; plot against shogunate frustrated, 189; weakening of shogunate power, 210–212, 219; factions at imperial court, 215; shogunate yields to imperial court, 215–217, 219–224; emperor dismisses shogunate officers, 231; coalition against shogunate, 234–237; Tosa memorial, 237; end of shogunate, 239–242; administrative organisation, iv. 28–33, 42–45.
Meiji epoch; liberals control ministry, iii. 243; aim of revolutionists, 185–187; steps toward representation, 186, 202, 220, 224–228, 231; overthrow of feudalism, 187–190, 192–194, 196, 198–201, 211–215; ministerial organisation, 193; clan ministry, 195; split in ministry, 207; agitation against clan ministry, 231, 244; reorganisation and measures of ministry, 233; promulgation of Constitution, 234; character and provisions of Constitution, 236, 238; ministry under the Constitution, 242; failure of parliamentary ministry, 248, 252; Ito's ministry, 252–255; restoration of clan ministry, 255; modern relations of Church and State, v. 166–169, 174–176, 178, 249, 259. See also Diet, Emperor, Feudalism, Finances, Foreign relations, Local government, Taxes.
Griffin, Mr., on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
Guilds, origin, vi. 151, 179, 184; organisation of the fishmongers, 183, 238; development, 184; maritime, 185, 238; money-changing, 186; banking, 188, 189; opposition, 191; dissolved, 191; reëstablished in modified form, 192; final abolition, 192; transportation, 197, 198; pawnbrokers, 202; medicine pedlars, 203.
Hachiman, god of battles, ii. 128.
Hachiroji Iga, devises fire-proof warehouse, iv. 20.
Hagiwan Kanetomo and revival of Shintō, v. 172.
Halberd, form and use, ii. 156; weapon for women and priests, 157.
Harris, Townsend, United States minister, reception and influence, iii. 174; treaty, 174; knowledge of Japanese politics, 254, 255.
Harumoto, Hosokawa, appeal against Ikko sect, ii. 32.
Harunobu, Takeda, unfilial, ii. 214.
Hayashi Dōshiu, Confucian, iii. 138.
Hayashi Razan, expounder of Chuan philosophy, iv. 124, 129–133.
Heian epoch, i. 172; character, 172, 173, 196. See also Government.
Heijo. See Nara.
Heraldry, no development, ii. 103. See also Family badges.
Heusken, Mr., secretary of American legation, assassinated, iv. 201.
Hidetata, Tokugawa Shōgun, patron of art, ii. 256.
Hidetsugu, Hideyoshi's adopted son, suicide, ii. 215.
Hideyori, Hideyoshi's son, Iyeyasu's treachery, iii. 87; aided by Christians, 124.
Hideyoshi, Hashiba, Tōkaidō chieftain, called the Taiko, ii. 30, 279; career and character, 34–37, 279; his Osaka castle, 69–73; his Palace of Pleasure, 79, 110; patronage of art, 110; fiscal policy, 124; attitude toward the sovereign, 204; generals, 204; cruelty, 215; immorality, 217, 219, 220, 285; great Tea Ceremonial, 267; and the drama, iii. 30; patron of wrestling, 68; and Iyeyasu, 87; and Christianity, 113–119; administrative organisation, iv. 32; deified as Toyokuni, v. 260; attitude toward trade, vi 165; invasion of Korea, vi. 164, 237.
Hikoyemon, Kōda, his mother's sacrifice, ii. 213.
Hinin, outcast class, duties, ii. 43.
Hirata Atsutane, political philosophy, iii. 169; on true revelation, v. 114; apostle of pure Shintō, 172; on immortality, 256.
Hirohata, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
History, ancient annals, i. 26, 80, 82, 247; early Chinese references to Japan, 80; divisions, 158, 173. See also Government.
Hitotsubashi, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 8, 35.
Hiyei-zan, Buddhist monastery, purpose of foundation, i. 181, iii. 111, v. 227; destroyed by Nobunaga, ii. 33; stronghold of monk-soldiers, iii. 111, v. 258.
Hizen, feudal clan, fief surrendered to the sovereign, iv. 189, 190.
Hōjō family, control, ii. 11, 12, 24; decadence, 12; uprising against, 15; fall, 17; taxation policy, 121; attitude toward the sovereign, 201–204.
Honami family, skilled in sword lore, ii. 144.
Honami Kōsetsu, judge of swords, ii. 144.
Honda, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 28.
Honen Shonin, founder of Pure Land sect, v. 147.
Hongwan-ji, Buddhist monastery, destroyed, ii. 33.
Horses and equipment of primæval Japan, i. 47; small, ii. 159.
Hoshi Tōru, character, iv. 249; political control, 249, 251, 254; assassination, 256.
Hospitality, iv. 25.
Hostage, mother as, ii. 213.
Hotta, chief of Bitchiu, Shōgun minister, foreign policy, iii. 174, 182.
Hyde-Clarke, Mr., on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
Hyōgō, foreign men-of-war at, iii. 230; opened to foreign commerce, 234. See also Fukuhara.
Hypnotism and Shinto miracles, v. 233.
Iba Sōtaro, assassin of Hoshi Tōru, iv. 256.
Ibaraki-ya Kosai, rich merchant, iv. 154.
Ichijo, emperor, immoral, i. 233; interest in people's welfare, 235.
Ichijo, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5, 35.
Ichikawa Tatsumaro, rationalist, v. 112, 254.
Ideographs, adaptation of Chinese, to Japanese language, i. 26, 76, 250; introduction, 75; effect on Japanese language, 77–80; principles, 257.
Ideguchi Yenka and revival of Shintō, v. 172.
Ii, chief of Kamon, Shōgun minister, iii. 182; reasserts Shōgun autocracy, 183, 184, 189; foreign policy, 183, 185, 253; punishes anti-Shōgun conspirators, 189; assassination, 192, 255.
Ii, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 28.
Ikenobo, Buddhist priest, master of flower arrangement, iii. 11.
Ikko sect of Buddhism, military power, ii. 31.
Immigration, successive periods of primæval, i. 30, 35, 42, 44, 45; Chinese and Korean colonists, 75, 83, 252.
Immortality, ancient belief in, i. 49, 54, 55, 58; Shintō belief, v. 124–126; Japanese Buddhist belief, 142–147, 151.
Iname, Soga no, prime minister, embraces Buddhism, i. 91.
Incenses, comparing of, origin, iii. 1–3; practice, 3–9.
Industry, dependence on governmental initiative, i. 24, 83, 90, iv. 216. See also Manufactures, Trade.
Ingyo, emperor, i. 66, v. 232.
Inheritance. See Property.
Inns in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 171. See also Travel.
Inouye, later Count, member of Chōshiu clan, reformer, iii. 236; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204.
Insurance, mediæval marine, vi. 198.
Intellectual awakening in eighteenth century, iii. 143–145, 155.
Iron age, represented by the dolmens, i. 41, 45.
Ise, great shrine, v. 115.
Ishida Kampei, popular lecturer, iv. 135.
Ishida Katsushige, Hideyoshi's officer, ii. 204.
Ishimaru Sadatsugu, governor of Osaka, interest in commercial improvement, vi. 189.
Isolation, period of. See Foreign relations.
Itagaki Taisuke, later Count Itagaki, leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; resigns from ministry, 208; agitation for representation, 222–224; organises the Liberals, 228; ministry, 248.
Itō Hirobumi, later Marquis Itō, member of Chōshiu clan, reformer, iii. 236; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; premier, 233; frames the Constitution, 235; constructive statesman, 236; power and political position, 237, 252; resigns, 255.
Itō Jinsai, Confucian, iii. 143, iv. 131.
Iwakura, court noble, foreign policy, iii. 215, 221; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 185, 204.
Iyeharu, Tokugawa Shōgun, iii. 153.
Iyemitsu, Tokugawa Shōgun, cruelty, ii. 216; patron of tea cult, 257; cements supremacy of his house, iii. 97; administrative autocracy, 98, 99; policy on isolation, 128.
Iyenari, Tokugawa Shōgun, character, iv. 2; power, 29; reforms, 116; declares Chuan philosophy orthodox, 132.
Iyenobu, Tokugawa Shōgun, autocracy of his administration, iii. 139.
Iyesada, Tokugawa Shōgun, witling, iii. 182.
Iyetsuna, Tokugawa figure-head Shōgun, iii. 132; one authoritative act, 133; prison reforms, iv. 64–66.
Iyeyasu, Tokugawa Shōgun, Tōkaidō chieftain, ii. 30; achievements, 37, iii. 87; superstition, ii. 46; castle at Yedo, 74; patriotism, 205, iii. 94–96; cruelty, ii. 215, 216; immorality, 219; and Hideyoshi, iii. 87; genius, 88; administrative problems and measures, 89; constitution, 91; treatment of feudal question, 92–94; as an organiser, 94; attitude toward Christianity, 119–126; judicial measures, iv. 64; deified as Tosho, v. 260.
Iyeyoshi, Tokugawa Shōgun, virtual abrogation, iii. 166, 168, 169; reforms, iv. 3.
Izanagi, supreme being, v. 108.
Izanami, supreme being, v. 108.
Jimmu, legendary first mortal ruler of Japan, i. 29, 31–33.
Jimyoin, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 5.
Jingo, empress, legendary invasion of Korea, i. 72; actuality, 73.
Jingoro, Hidari, carver, ii. 280.
Jito, empress, orders conscription, i. 110; encourages agriculture, 123; edict against gambling, 156.
Jō-ō, master of tea cult, ii. 255.
Ju-jutsu. See Pliancy.
Junnin, emperor, exile, ii. 284.
Justice, ordeals, i. 87, v. 231; vendetta, ii. 140, iv. 143; vicarious punishment, 55, 92; punishments, 56, 63, 68, 264; publicity of punishment, 57; procedure, 58–60, 63; punishment of military class, 65, 76; informers and king's evidence, 60; torture, 61, 72; modern bench, 75, v. 254; modern procedure, iv. 76–78; unofficial arbitration in civil disputes, 101–104; civil procedure, 104–106, 109–111; extraterritorial tribunals, v. 28–41. See also Crime, Laws, Police, Prisons.
Kagekatsu, Uyesugi, adopted son of Kenshin, ii. 192.
Kagemori, Obata, treachery, ii. 197.
Kagoshima, Satsuma capital, bombarded, iii. 218, 222.
Kamakura, military capital, ii. 7, 9; police and trade regulations, vi. 149.
Kamatari, founder of Fujiwara family, i. 157.
Kampfer, Engelbrecht, on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
Kanagawa, foreign settlement, iii. 199, 255.
Kano, K., revives art of "pliancy," iii. 84.
Karafuto. See Saghalien.
Karasumaru, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Katakiri, chief of Iwami, master of tea cult, ii. 255.
Katsura, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Katsuyori, Takeda, and Suneyemon, ii. 193.
Kazan-in, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Keiki, son of Rekkō of Mito, candidate for Shōgun heirship, iii. 182; foreign policy, 182; punished for conspiracy, 189; Shōgun minister, 216; promises to expel foreigners, 221; policy as Shōgun, 233; resigns, 239; secret edict against, 240; attacks Kyōtō, 241; surrenders, 241.
Kenshin, Uyesugi, Tōkaidō chieftain, ii. 30; as a tactician, 168; regulates punishment of bushi, 186; and Masakage, 191.
Keramics, primæval, i. 41, 49; beginning of porcelain manufacture, ii. 108. See also later index.
Kibi no Mabi in China, ii. 170.
Kidnapping, i. 243, iv. 111.
Kido, member of the Chōshiu clan, reformer, iii. 235; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 204.
Kiheiji, stone-thrower, ii. 135.
Kii, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 8.
Kikutei, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Kimmei, emperor, and Buddhism, i. 90.
Kinokuniya Bunzayemon, merchant, iv. 152, 153.
Kinoshita Junwan, eclectic philosopher, iv. 130.
Kisen, anchorite and poet, iii. 6.
Kishu, Tokugawa house, origin and privilege, iii. 137.
Kiuchi Heizayemon and the demon, v. 209.
Kiyō, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Kiyōmasa, Kato, regulations for bushi, ii. 180; Hideyoshi's officer, 204.
Kiyōmori, Taira, principles of his autocracy, ii. 5; immorality, 218.
Kōbō Daishi, founder of Shingon sect of Buddhists, i. 180, v. 146.
Kobori, chief of Yenshu, master of tea cult, ii. 255, 257.
Kōbun, emperor, suicide, ii. 284.
Kōgyoku, empress, patron of wrestling, iii. 67.
Kōkaku, emperor, iii. 156.
Kōken, emperor, superstition, i. 176.
Kōken, empress dowager, separate religious government, i. 93; zeal for Confucianism, 252.
Kōkō, empress, verse-making parties, i. 190.
Kōmei, emperor, foreign policy, iii. 179.
Kōmon (Mitsukuni), chief of Mito, work on imperial power, iii. 138, 155.
Komyo, empress, legend of her piety, i. 251.
Kōnin, emperor, severity, iv. 63.
Konoye, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 215, 221.
Konoye, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5, 35.
Korea, and causes of Chinese–Japanese war, i. 17, v. 44–55; ancient intercourse with Japan, i. 69; ancient customs common to Japan and, 69; raids on Japan, 70; ancient Japanese invasion, 72; colonists to Japan, 75, 83, 252; Japanese piratical expeditions, iii. 106; attitude toward new government of Japan, iv. 203; threat of war, 207; expedition against, 211; opened to foreign trade, 211; Japanese mediæval trade, vi. 162–164, 173; Hideyoshi's invasion, 164, 237; mediæval diplomatic intercourse, 174.
Kose no Kanaoka, painter, i. 201.
Kotoku, emperor, i. 125, 147.
Kuga, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Kūmoso, origin and characteristics, iv. 50–53.
Kunimune, Saionji, plots to kill Godaigo, ii. 18.
Kwammu, emperor, transfers capital, i. 159; attempted reforms, 163–165.
Kwanami, Nō dancer, iii. 30.
Kwan-in, princely family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Kwanyei era, iv. 145.
Kwazan, emperor, effeminacy, i. 212.
Kyōhō era, character, iii. 145–147.
Kyōtō, Imperial capital, i. 159; plan and adornment, 196, 253–255, ii. 54–57; shogunate capital, 24; vicissitudes during Military epoch, 50–52, 57–59; character in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 148; regulation of its markets, vi. 145.
Labour, forced public, i. 118, ii. 120, 124; building the Nikko mausoleum, iv. 14–17; increased remuneration, v. 19, vi. 241.
Land, ancient Crown right and patriarchal control, i. 115; Crown control under Taikwa reforms, 116; allotment system, 116, 121, 134; as substitute for money, 117; beginning of private ownership, 135; rise of great estates, 161; seizure for debt, 161, 163; measurement, ii. 117, 281; crop measurement, 117, 281; selling of, forbidden, iv. 99–101; modern agricultural ownership, v. 16; deeds of sale, vi. 140. See also Agriculture, Taxation.
Language, effect of introduction of Chinese ideographs, i. 77–80; possibilities, ii. 148.
Laws, severity of ancient, i. 68; ancient codes, 105; principles of early feudal, iv. 53; Tokugawa reforms, 54, 137; modern codes, 69–72. See also Diet, Sumptuary laws.
Lawyers, prototypes, iv. 73; modern, 73–75.
Legends, origin of Japan, i. 1; origin of the race, 6, 27–35, 81; origin of worship, 57; piety of empress Komyo, 251; origin of the five festivals of the seasons, vi. 61, 233. See also Superstitions.
Legislation. See Diet, Laws.
Light, artificial, in Heian epoch, i. 206, in Military epoch, ii. 105; Japanese lanterns, 105.
Literature, borrowings from China, i. 151; satire of Military epoch, iii. 61–64; revival of native, 143–145, 155, 156. See also Drama, Poetry.
Loans, ancient regulations, i. 121, vi. 141; forced public, ii. 122, iii. 161; mediæval regulations, ii. 122, vi. 150, 155, 199, 239; governmental annulment of private debt, ii. 123, vi. 200; to feudal lords, 179, 180. See also Pawnbroking.
Local government, responsible group of families, i. 112, 119, 231, iv. 48, 92; duties of the shogunate magistrates and deputies, 30; of Yedo, 47, 93; provincial, 48; changes in modern times, 193, 196, 224; elective assemblies, 227; modern administration, v. 96–101, 253, 254. See also Feudalism, Police.
Loochoo Islands, acquisition, i. 2, 3; claims to, v. 41–43.
Loyalty to sovereign, ii. 201–206, 211, 284. See also Patriotism.
Mabuchi, political philosopher, iii. 169; and "pure" Shintō, v. 172.
Macleod, Mr., on origin of Japanese, i. 36.
Magistrates of Tokugawa shogunate, iv. 30.
Manners. See Customs, Etiquette.
Manufactures, early influence of China, i. 81, 106; early official encouragement, 117, 236; development of lacquer industry, 125; modern development, vi. 217–221; difficulties of inexperience, 225–227, 241. See also Trade.
Marriages, ancient conception, i. 61; incestuous, 104; marriageable age, 112; procedure under Taikwa reforms, 113; betrothal customs in Nara epoch, 150; of serfs, 242, 260; of outcasts, ii. 50; modern lower class conditions, vi. 21. See also Concubinage, Divorce, Morality.
Masa, Hojo, Yoritomo's wife, character, i. 234; seizes administrative power, ii. 11.
Masakado, Tairo-no-, rebel and tutelary deity, ii. 284, vi. 12, 14.
Masakage, Nagao, and Kenshin, ii. 191.
Masamune, Date, chief of Sendai, and Iyemitsu, iii. 98.
Masashige, Kusunoki, imperial general against Takauji, ii. 18; character, 21; death, 22; deified as Minatogawa, v. 260.
Masatoki, Tsuruta, famous archer, ii. 132.
Masatoshi, Hotta, Shōgun minister, political philosophy, ii. 207, iii. 135; foils conspiracy against shogunate, 133.
Masayuki, Shintō revivalist, iii. 138.
Masayuki, Sanada, and his sons, ii. 212.
Matsu, Yoshinaka's mistress, ii. 218.
Matsudaira Sadanobu, Shōgun minister, attempts to enforce Chinese philosophy, iii. 154, iv. 2, 132; patron of the Yedo University, 133.
Mayeda, chief of Kaga, wealth, iv. 9.
Measure, mat as unit, i. 258; units, ii. 117, 281, vi. 128; Hideyoshi's reforms, 154, 237.
Medicine, and religion, i. 178; early efforts to learn Occidental knowledge, iii. 158. See also Superstitions.
Meiji epoch, i. 173. See also Government.
Mencius. See Confucianism.
Miai Ganyemon, wrestler, iii. 72.
Michinaga, Fujiwara noble, foundation of his fame, i. 179; power, 255.
Michizane, Sugawara no, career, i. 178, 256; legend, v. 206; deified as Temman, 260.
Military class (samurai or bushi), development, i. 161, 163, 169, ii. 1, 2, 116, 178–180; ancient metrical precepts, 174–176; rules of conduct, 180, 181; contempt for money, 182, 183, iv. 142; pay and advancement, ii. 182; courage, 183, 193; suicide, 184; motives of suicide, 185–192, 225; punishments, 186, iv. 65, 76; loyalty to chiefs, ii. 187–190, 192, 194, 222; disloyalty and treachery, 194–197; ethics, 197201, iii. 18; patriotism, ii. 201–211, 222; fealty and consanguinity, 212–214, 222; ambition and consanguinity, 214; cruelty, 215–217, iv. 144; vice, ii. 217–221; guiding principles, 221–228; "associated death" forbidden, 225, 285; decline, iii. 140, 142, 148, 151, 152, iv. 144, 150; attempt to restore character, iii. 145; antagonism to foreigners, 191, 193; judicial privileges, iv. 65, 76, 142, 145; vendetta and duels, 142–145; extravagances of character, 145–147; attitude toward trade, 155–157, vi. 154, 172; and the surrender of the fiefs, iv. 191–193, 196; abolition, 191–201, 211–215; and modern conscription, 206; and Zen sect, v. 150; special New Year's observances, vi. 49; lack of literature of, 100.
Military epoch, i. 173; character, 173, ii. 39. See also Government.
Minamimura Baiken, school of philosophy, iv. 129.
Minamoto family, administrative control, i. 158; divine ancestry, 159; creation, 171; sphere of control, ii. 5; overpowers the Taira, 6; lose reality of power, 11; skilled archers, 129. See also Yoritomo.
Mineral wealth, vi. 239.
Mito, Prince of. See Rekkō.
Mito, capital of Hitachi province, school of political philosophy, iii. 137–139; hereditary privilege of the house, iv. 8.
Mitsuhide, Akechi, and Nobunaga, ii. 213.
Mitsukuni. See Komon.
Miyakoji Bungo, musical reciter, iv. 155.
Mizuno Tadakuni, Shōgun minister, warns off foreign ships, iii. 162–164; called Echizen-no-Kami, iv. 3; drastic measures, 3; edict against hairdressers, 266; dissolves guilds, vi. 191.
Mommu, emperor, edict on the monarchy, i. 102.
Money, old unit, ii. 282; debased coinage, iii. 148, 149, 161; foreign drain, 149; arbitrary ratio, 161; complications in foreign trade, 205–207; feudal paper, v. 3; imperial paper, 4–7; resumption of specie payments, 8; gold standard, 10, 249; introduction, vi. 130; early coinage, 130; laws to enforce use, 131; religion and coinage, 133; native and Chinese cash, 133, 134, 137; feudal silver and gold coins, vi. 138, 237; modern standard, 139; exchanges and guilds, 186; fixing value of gold and silver in terms of copper during feudal period, 187, 238; influence of resumption of specie payments on foreign trade, 209. See also Banking, Barter, Finances.
Mongol invasion, ii. 13, 163–167.
Mononobe clan, power destroyed, i. 251; ancient "imperial tribe" family, v. 138; divine origin, 138; present representation, 139.
Morals, in ancient times, i. 60, 85, 87, 104; lack of code of ethics, 61; introduction of Analects of Confucius, 76, 84; doubt of its early influence, 85; Shokoku's ethical code, 98–100; ethics under Taikwa reforms, 115; in Heian epoch, 188; and etiquette, 189; position of courtesans, 232–236, ii. 48; unnatural vices, i. 235, iii. 142; of literature and early drama, i. 188, 192, iii. 49; ethics and vice of military class, ii. 197–201, 217–228, iii. 18; commercial probity, ii. 198, vi. 212–214, 220; of Yedo, iii. 142; Tokugawa conditions and reforms, iii. 153, iv. 115–123; prostitution and filial piety, 114, vi. 94; conception of modesty, iv. 117; vice and religious worship, vi. 2; modern attitude toward the social evil, 89–95, 235. See also Concubinage, Geisha.
Mori, chief of Chōshiu, leads anti-Shōgun faction, iii. 221; fires on foreign ships, 223; exiled from court, 224; shogunate expeditions against, 227, 233. See also Chōshiu.
Mori, Viscount, minister for education, assassinated, iv. 234, vi. 13.
Morinaga, Prince, commands Godaigo's army, ii. 18; delivered to Takauji, 18.
Moriyoshi, Prince, intrigue, ii. 17.
Moronao, Konō, Ashikaga captain, attitude toward imperial court, ii. 204; immorality, 219.
Motoori Norinaga, encourages revival of native thought, iii. 155; political philosophy, 169; on the inscrutable, v. 113; and "pure" Shintō, 172; reputation, 255; on Confucian ethics, 257.
Mototsune, Fujiwara noble, treason, ii. 284.
Munemori, Taira officer, fortifications, ii. 68.
Muragaki Sadayu, chief detective for Shōgun, iv. 45.
Muromachi, capital of military power, ii. 26; era, 26, 28.
Music, beginnings, i. 65; instruments, 66, 155, 188, 220, 223, 250, 257, 259; harmony of dancing, poetry, and, 154; Buddhist, 154; importance in Heian epoch, 219, 229; dance chaunts, 222, 224–226; musical recitative of Military epoch, iii. 18-21. See also Dancing, Drama, Poetry.
Mutsuhito, present emperor, accession, iii. 243; share in reorganising the government, iv. 236; financial condition, 237.
Mutsuru, famous archer, ii. 131.
Mythology. See Legends, Shintō.
Nakamura Kuranosuke, rich merchant, iv. 154.
Nakatomi, ancient "imperial tribe" family, v. 138; and the Fujiwara, 139.
Nakaye Tōju, expounder of Wang philosophy, iv. 124, 126, 130.
Nakazawa Dōjin, popular lecturer, iv. 136.
Nambu, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Names, ancient official, i. 53; substitute for family, 53; posthumous, 82, 249, 257; personal and family, 247–250; origin of trade, vi. 153.
Nara, first stable capital, i. 131; plan, 133.
Nara epoch, i. 131; character, 133, 173. See also Government.
Narimichi, imperial minister, skill in football, i. 193.
Nasu no Munetaka, famous archer, ii. 131.
National characteristics. See Civilisation, Customs.
Navy, naval school organised, iii. 173; Tokugawa, iv. 174; strength and efficiency of modern, v. 13, 250, vi. 224.
New Year's observances, vi. 34–52, 232; preparation, 123.
Newspapers, prototypes, iv. 116, v. 84; first, 85; censorship, 86–88; freedom, 88; character of writing, 89; success, 90, 253; slander in, 90.
Nichiren, founder of a Buddhist sect, v. 149.
Nijō, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Nintoku, emperor, libertine, i. 85; capital, 132.
Nishino Buntaro, assassin of Mori, iv. 234; worshipped, vi. 13–15.
Nobility, the new, iv. 233, 266; divine ancestry, v. 139. See also Aristocracy, Classes.
Nobumasa, Okudaira, and Suneyemon, ii. 193.
Nobunaga, Oda, Tōkaidō chieftain, character, ii. 31; conquests, 33; and Christianity, 33, iii. 110–113; reforms, ii. 34, vi. 157; death, ii. 34, 213; patron of art, 78; immorality, 217, 285; patron of Tea Ceremonial, 254; patron of wrestling, iii. 68, 72; political aim, 109.
Nobuyuki, Sanada, and his father, ii. 212.
Nomi no Sukane, wrestler, iii. 66.
Oath, form of, iv. 78.
Observances, Shintō Court ceremonials, v. 178–185; New Year's, vi. 34–51, 123; various, of second month, 52; doll's festival, 61–63; washing of Buddha, 63; boy's fête, 71; dispersal of evil influences, 73; marriage of the stars, 73; Bon fête, 74–77, 83; various, of last month, 122–124. See also Festivals.
Ogura Sansho, philosopher, iv, 129.
Ogyu Sorai, ethical teachings, iii. 143, iv. 131.
Oi-no-mikado, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Ojin, emperor, i. 126.
Okubo Toshimitsu, Satsuma reformer, iii. 235; leader in the Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; effect of his assassination, 226.
Okuma Shigenobu, leader in the Revolution of 1867, iv. 204; resigns from ministry, 229; organises Progressist party, 229; ministry, 248.
O-Kuni, temple dancer, and origin of the theatre, vi. 107.
Okusa, cooking academy, ii. 111.
Ono no O-tsu, originates variety of musical recitative, iii. 19.
Ono Riushihei, book against isolation, iii. 159; punished, 159.
Onoye Kikugoro, famous actor, vi. 122.
Ooka Tadasuke, judge, iii. 146.
Oozutsu Manyemon, champion wrestler, iii. 71.
Organisation, faculty of, i. 21, 50, vi. 192.
Origin of Japanese race, legendary divine, i. 6, 27–33; analysis of legend, 29, 33–35, 44, 80; successive waves of immigration, 35, 42, 44; opinions on, 36–40, 43.
Ōsaka, character in feudal times, iv. 148.
Ōsaka castle, description, ii. 70–73.
Oshima Sekibun, diviner, v. 228.
Oshio Heihachiro, rebellion, iii. 162, 253.
Ouchi family, patron of Christianity, overthrown, ii. 33; monopoly of Chinese trade, 59, iii. 107, vi. 159, 160, 162.
Owari, Prince of, antagonises the shogunate, iii. 184; plots and is punished, 189.
Owari, Tokugawa house, origin and hereditary privilege, iii. 137, iv. 8.
Oye-no-Hiromoto, Yoritomo's adviser, ii. 8.
Painting, Chinese influence, ii. 109. See also Decoration and later index.
Parkes, Sir Harry, British minister, plan to gain further concessions, iii. 228–232.
Patriotism, modern, i. 14, ii. 208–210, v. 183; feudal, ii. 201–209; awakening under threat of foreign intercourse, iii. 170, 178.
Pawnbroking, during Military epoch, vi. 156; regulations during Tokugawa epoch, 201.
Pedlars of Tokugawa epoch, vi. 202.
Perry, M. C., American commodore, arrival in Japan, iii. 165; departure and return, 171; treaty, 171.
Pescadores Islands, acquired, i. 3.
Petition, right of, during Taikwa reforms, i. 115; during Tokugawa epoch, iv. 43, 264; collective, forbidden, 100.
Philosophy, introduction of Chinese, i. 126; awakening in eighteenth century, iii. 143, theories of Chu and Wang Yang-min, iv. 124–126; their influence, 126–129; schools, 129–131; rivalry, 132; Chuan, declared orthodox, 132. See also Confucianism, Tea Ceremonial.
Piracy on coast of China and Korea, iii. 104–107, vi. 159.
"Pliancy," art of, history and method, iii. 81–84; training, 84–86.
Poetry, beginnings, i. 65; verse-making pastimes, 66, 154, 190, iii. 59–61; and state affairs during Nara epoch, i. 151; system of versification, 152, 153; of Heian epoch, 190–192, and immorality, 188, 192; dance chaunts, 222–226, vi. 82–84.
Police, of Heian epoch, i. 230; firemen organisation in Yedo, iv. 18; responsible groups of families in Tokugawa times, 92; town guards, 93; powers of the individual, 94; official Tokugawa, 95; provincial inspectors, 95; modern force, v. 93, 254; regulation of feudal, at Kamakura, vi. 249. See also Crime, Justice.
Politics, the stalwart or rough, iv. 87–90; agitation for representation, 222–224, 226, 228; Liberal party, 228; Progressist party, 229; character, 229, 249–253, 256; agitation against clan control of ministry, 231, 244–246; conditions during Chinese war, 247; Constitutional party, 247; split, 248; Itō's party, 252–255. See also Government (Meiji epoch).
Population, in eighth century, i. 241; present, vi. 20.
Portuguese, introduce Christianity and firearms, ii. 32, 69; expelled, iii. 127.
Postal system, beginnings, iv. 172; conditions, vi. 240.
Pottery. See Keramics.
Premier of Tokugawa shogunate, control, iii. 132, iv. 28, 29.
Prisons, old system, iv. 61; Tokugawa system, 64–68; modern reforms, 68. See also Justice.
Private opinion, right, iii. 132; lack, iv. 106–109.
Property, inheritance in ancient Japan, i. 61; wife's rights, 114, 120; inheritance under Taikwa reforms, 119–121; complications due to illegitimacy, ii. 220; rights in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 95.
Public opinion, inoperative, v. 91.
Public story-telling, origin of the war story, vi. 100; development, 101; delivery, 102; character, 102; value, 103; school of lighter stories, 103–105; cost of the entertainment, 105, 236.
Public works, forced labour on, i. 118, ii. 120, 124, iv. 14–17; in Nara epoch, i. 134, 135; riparian, iv. 97, 264, v. 13, 250; extent of modern undertakings, 5, 12, 13.
Punishments. See Justice, Prisons.
Pyöng-yang, Korea, battle, v. 56.
Railroads, first, v. 101; statistics of state and private, 102; system, 103; construction, 104; conditions, vi. 240.
Raisai, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Regent, establishment and power, i. 167, ii. 2, 14, iv. 5; Hideyoshi as, ii. 36.
Rekkō, Prince of Mito, heads anti-foreign agitation, iii. 175, 183–185; antagonises the shogunate, 184; plots and is punished, 189; sentiment of his retainers, 191; abandons radical anti-foreign party, 192; effect of death, 210.
Religion, primaeval, i. 49; union of Church and State, 52, 54, 93; not taught in old university, 128; Japanese attitude toward, 172, 173, 183, v. 152; freedom in mediæval times, v. 112. See also Ancestral worship, Buddhism, Christianity, Festivals, Observances, Shintō, Superstitions.
Renjo, Buddhist preacher of Ikko sect, ii. 31.
Renshi, imperial concubine, intrigue, ii. 14.
Representation, extent of, in old Japan, iv. 219; first modern assembly, 221; agitation for, 222–224, 226, 228; local assemblies, 227, 239, v. 96, 98; promise of national, 231; establishment of national, 238, 241. See also Diet, Suffrage.
Revolution of 1867, work of men of lower rank, iii. 237, iv. 184; progress, iii. 237–242. See also Government.
Rice, early culture, i. 122; scarcity in Togukawa epoch, iii. 162, iv. 264; as standard of value, vi. 135; marketing the fief income, 177–180; mediæval exchanges, 180; fixing the standard, 181; inadequate modern supply, 217.
Richardson, C. L., murdered, iii. 217; effect, 218, 220, 222.
Riukiu Islands. See Loochoo.
Roads. See Travel.
Ronin, origin, i. 163, 255, iv. 50; character, iii. 131; plot against Tokugawa power, 132; assassinate Ii, 192, 255; policy of assassination, 195; conspiracy against foreigners, 199; assassinate Heusken, 201.
Russia, first contact with, iii. 156, 159, 160; interference in Chinese war treaty, v. 60, 61; seizes Liao-tung peninsula, 64; and Korea, 65, 74; and Manchuria, 73.
Sadayuki, chief of Nojiri, loyal sacrifice, ii. 192.
Saddles, mediæval type and ornamentation, ii. 160.
Saga, emperor, bestows land on nobles, i. 171.
Saghalien Island, acquired by Russia, i. 3.
Saigo, Satsuma reformer, iii. 235; leader in Revolution of 1867, character, iv. 205, 207; resigns from ministry, 208; insurrection, 208, 209, 213.
Saimei, empress, i. 137.
Saionji, noble family, furnish imperial consorts, ii. 15, 18; hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Sakai, Tokugawa house, hereditary privileges, iv. 28.
Sakai, trade centre under Hideyoshi, vi. 166.
Sakakibara, Tokugawa house, hereditary privileges, iv. 28.
Saké. See Drink.
Salvage, mediæval law on, vi. 198, 239.
Samurai. See Military class.
Sanjo, emperor, superstition, i. 180.
Sanjo, court noble, radical anti-foreigner, iii. 215; converted to liberalism, 235, 243, 256; leader in Revolution of 1867, iv. 185, 204.
Sanjo, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Sanu, Jimmu's life name, i. 32.
Sanzaemon, Nagoya, originates the theatre, vi. 107.
Satire, characteristic, iii. 61–64.
Satsuma, province, anti-Shōgun agitation, iii. 214, iv. 185; capital bombarded, 218, 222; relation with Chōshiu, 234–237; breach with new government, 209, 210, 213. See also Shimazu.
Seals, origin and use, vi. 157, 237.
Seami, Nō dancer, iii. 30.
Seinei, emperor, cruelty, i. 85.
Seirin, Shiga, famous wrestler, iii. 69.
Seiwa, emperor, bestows land on nobles, i. 171; becomes Buddhist monk, 257.
Sen-no-Rikiu, death, ii. 219; master of the Tea Ceremonial, 255, 256, 258.
Serfs, conditions, i. 68, 231, 237–240; value, 240; number, 240; classes and treatment, 241; manumission, 242; marriage, 242; kidnapping, 243. See also Classes, Slavery, Social condition.
Servants, hiring, vi. 52, 233.
Shidachi, T., on ju-jutsu, iii. 85.
Shiganosuke, Akashi, famous wrestler, iii. 68.
Shigehide, Hagiwara, Shōgun minister, debases coinage, iii. 148.
Shigeuji, famous archer, ii. 132.
Shijo, emperor, amusements, ii. 202.
Shijo, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Shijo, cooking academy, ii. 111.
Shimabara revolt, iii. 127.
Shimazu Samuro, chief of Satsuma, policy, iii. 214, 215, 223, 225; slighted, 217; surrenders his fief, iv. 189, 190; position in the new ministry, 195; conservatism, 209.
Shimizu, Tokugawa house, hereditary privilege, iv. 8, 35.
Shimizutani, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 5.
Shimo-no-seki Strait, foreign ships fired upon, iii. 223; foreign attack, 226, 256.
Shinano Zenji Yukinaga, Buddhist priest, originates the musical recitative, iii. 18.
Shingen, Takeda, Tōkaidō chieftain, ii. 31, 34; as a tactician, 168; immorality, 217, 285.
Shino Sōshin, and the comparing of incenses, iii. 2.
Shinran, founder of Spirit sect of Buddhists, v. 147, 259.
Shintō, creed and pantheon, i. 54–57, 86, 250, v. 116–120, 186, 259, 260; rites, i. 58–60, v. 117, 255, vi. 13; doctrine of defilement, i. 58, 87, 186, iv. 17, v. 126; deficiencies, i. 88; basis of sovereign's power, 94, 129, iii. 156, v. 112; union with Buddhism, i. 96, v. 144, 171, 182; continued control as state religion, i. 186; dance worship, 221; opposition to Christianity, ii. 32; human sacrifice before battle, 161, 168; a cult, 173; "pure," iii. 134, 170, v. 172, 259; theory of creation, 108–111; belief in the inscrutable, 113; a revealed truth, 114; basis in ancestral worship, 115–124; shrines, 115, 120, 186–188, 255, 260; trances, 121; ethics, 122; on immortality, 124, 256; attitude toward women, 127–129; and suicide, 129–131; origin, 131–136; and caste, 137–140; influence on lower classes, 173; modern relation to the State, 175–178, 259; Court ceremonials, 178–185; step toward monotheism, 185; hierarchy and income, 188; human sacrifice, 192–196; hypnotic miracles, 233. See also Religion.
Ships, ancient, i. 60; destruction of sea-going, iii. 128; type of mediæval coasting-junk, iv. 174; pleasure boats, 175; modern merchant marine, v. 106; foreign construction, 106; mediæval merchant marine, vi. 197, 198, 239. See also Navy.
Shirakawa, emperor, zeal for Buddhism, i. 182; abdication and power behind the throne, ii. 3; measures, 3–5; superstition, 129.
Shirakawa II., emperor, story of his nightmare, v. 196.
Shishi family, educational monopoly, i. 126.
Shishi-o, Prince, foreign policy, iii. 215.
Shisuka, dancer, i. 259, ii. 218.
Shobutsu, Buddhist priest, musical reciter, iii 19.
Shōgun, origin of office, ii. 8; succession restricted to branches of Minamoto family, 37; progresses, 115, iv. 172; succession houses, iii. 137, 153, iv. 8; income, 10; castle, 12; cabinet and other officials, 28–32, 42, 44; household, 33–40; daily life, 41–45; guards, 45. See also Government (Military epoch, Tokugawa epoch).
Shōmu, emperor, zeal for Buddhism, i. 96, 134; edict on houses, 138; becomes a monk, 251; patron of wrestling, iii. 67; abolishes capital punishment, iv. 63.
Shotoku, Prince, ancient annals, i. 80, 81; embraces Buddhism, 91; upholds assassination of emperor, 95; constitution, 98–100; reforms, 101.
Shukō, Buddhist prelate, originator of the Tea Ceremonial cult, ii. 252; and comparing of incenses, iii. 2.
Silk industry, encouragement, i. 117; development of foreign trade, vi. 208–210.
Slavery, conditions in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 111–115; and prostitution, vi. 92. See also Serfs.
So family, monopoly of Korean trade, iii. 107, vi. 163.
Soami, artist-priest, on landscape gardening, ii. 232; and the tea cult, 253; and comparing of incenses, iii. 2; and flower arrangement, 11.
Social condition, of the lower classes in ancient times, i. 68, 86, 101, 103, 230; Taikwa reforms, 115; interest of the Court in people's welfare, 123; Buddhist priests' interest in people's welfare, 124, 135, 185; advancement of the mercantile class, ii. 41, iii. 141–152, iv. 151–157, vi. 165–167, 190; advancement of middle classes, iii. 64, iv. 3; agricultural class during feudal period, iii. 141, 151, iv. 97–101; growth of cities, iii. 150. See also Classes, Education, Serfs.
Soga family, embrace Buddhism, i. 91; last of ancient office-holding clans, 101, 251.
Sogoro, farmer, heroism, ii. 216.
Sōkei, master of tea cult, ii. 256, 259.
Soseki, priest, on landscape gardening, ii. 232.
Sōshi, or stalwarts, origin and use, iv. 87–90; prototypes, 145–148.
Sono, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Spaniards in Japan, iii. 117.
Spear, form and use, ii. 156.
Spies, Shōgun's, iv. 44.
Spiritualism, v. 234.
Suffrage, for local assemblies, iv. 227, v. 97; national, under the Constitution, iv. 238, 240, 241.
Suicide, method and motives, ii. 184, 185, 225, 284; forbidden, 226; and Shintō, v. 129–131.
Suiko, empress, zeal for Buddhism, i. 92; on official etiquette, 144.
Suinin, emperor, edict against "associated death," i. 105.
Sujun, emperor, assassinated, i. 95, ii. 284.
Sukegoro, organises fishmongers' guild, vi. 183; called Yamatoya, 238.
Sumptuary laws, on dwellings, i. 138, 205; on costumes, 140–144, ii. 98, 99; of Tokugawa epoch, iii. 140, 143, iv. 157–162, 166; abolished, 163.
Suneyemon, Torii, story of his loyalty, ii. 193.
Superstitions, early, i. 87, 173–180; food, 214, ii. 112; in Military epoch, 46; dog, 47, v. 203; fox, ii. 47, v. 197–200; sword, ii. 148; basis of military regulations, 172; flowers, iii. 12; animals, v. 190–192, 243; nightmare, 196; badger, 200; demons, 201–203, 207–212; cat, 204; trees, 205; tombstones, 207; divine punishments and miracles, 212; ghosts, 213–215; wild-men and ogres, 215; mountain genii, 216–218; ignis fatuus, 218–220; demon's gate, 227; spiritualism, 234; unlucky years, 235; presages of good and evil, 236; dressmaking, 236; children, 236; charm cures, 238; exorcism, 239; love messages and charms, 241; dreams, 242; bringing desirable events, 244; professional demon propitiators, 245; spells, 245; extent of belief, 246; and festivals, vi. 31; invisible birds of ill omen, 45, 48. See also Divination.
Susun. See Sujun.
Sutoku, Prince, and origin of Taira–Minamoto strife, i. 259.
Swords, right to carry, i. 110, 161, ii. 153; distinctive Japanese, 136; art of fencing, 137, 141, 142; influence, 142; famous smiths, 143, 282; identification, 143; construction, 144–147; value, 147; vocabulary, 148; superstitions, 148–151; origin, 151–153; customs in wearing and use, 153; size, 154; mountings, 155; famous, 283.
Tadanobu, Sato, loyal sacrifice, ii. 187–189.
Tadahira, Fujiwara noble, effeminacy, i. 187.
Taiho. See Taikwa.
Taiko. See Hideyoshi.
Taikwa Reform, i. 101, 105, 251; failure, 157, 160–165.
Taira family, administrative control, i. 158, ii. 5; divine ancestry, i. 159; origin, 171; sphere of control, ii. 5; fall, 6. See also Kiyōmori.
Tairō. See Premier.
Takakiyo, Sakai, Shōgun minister, attempts to secure administrative power, iii. 133.
Takakura, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Takatoki, last Hōjō vicegerent, character, ii. 12; defeat and suicide, 17, 190; attitude toward Imperial Court, 203.
Takatsuka, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Takauji, Ashikaga Shōgun, rise to power, ii. 16–19; principles of power, 19, 24, 284; war against the Emperor, 20–24; fiscal policy, 122; treachery, 194.
Takeda Izumo, dramatist, vi. 111.
Tamabuchi, dancer, i. 233.
Tametomo, Minamoto, skill in archery, ii. 129.
Tamichi, prehistoric general, i. 57.
Tamura-no-Maro, ancient general, i. 255.
Tariff, treaty regulations, v. 29, 37, 252.
Tatebito, archer, ii. 131.
Tatewaki family, hereditary jailers, iv. 64.
Tattooing, i. 67, iv. 165.
Taxation, responsible group of families, i. 112, 119; ancient, 117–119; burden in Heian epoch, 164, 231; exemption of office-holders' lands, 170–172, ii. 125; in Military epoch, 121, 122, 124–127; local, in Yedo, iv. 47; in Tokugawa epoch, v. 1; modern direct, 14; indirect, 15; land, 16, 17; income, 17, 251; burden, 17–20; local, 99, 253.
Tayema no Kehaya, wrestler, iii. 65.
Tea, introduction, i. 146, ii. 249; trade during Tokugawa epoch, vi. 203–205; development of modern foreign trade, 208–210, 215. See also Tea Ceremonial.
Tea Ceremonial, early form, ii. 249; and pagoda rings, 251; conception of the cult, 251, 254; and Free Masonry, 252; history, 253–258; famous expounders, 255; principles, 258; practice, 260–267; influence, 267–270, 272–275; famous utensils, 270–272; filling the Shōgun's tea jars, vi. 204.
Temmu, emperor, organises army, i. 110; capital, 132; and sumptuary laws, 141; zeal for Buddhism, 251.
Temples. See Architecture.
Tenchi, emperor, reforms, i. 102, 162; remits taxes, 123; capital, 132.
Theatre, abuses and reforms in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 120–123; origin, vi. 106–108, 236; early immorality, 108; men in female parts, 109, 236; women's, 110; history, 111; development of building and stage, 112–114, 116, 121; entrée of actor, 112, 114; choragic element, 115; plays, 116–118; social status of actors, 118, 122; pay of actors, 119; their ostentation, 119; financial condition, 120. See also Drama.
Tōan, Teshima, popular lecturer, iv. 135.
Toba, emperor, and Toku, i. 259.
Tōkaidō district, develops strength during feudal anarchy, ii. 30.
Tokihira, Fujiwara chief, and Michizane, i. 179, 256.
Tokiyori, Hōjō vicegerent, fiscal policy, ii. 121.
Toku, imperial concubine, power, i. 259.
Tokudaiji, noble family, hereditary privileges, iv. 5.
Tokugawa epoch, character, i. 158, ii. 37, iv. 3. See also Government.
Tokugawa family, branch of the Minamoto, administrative control, i. 158; divine ancestry, 159. See also Government (Tokugawa epoch), Shōgun, Iyeyasu and other Shōguns by name.
Tōkyō, imperial capital, iv. 196. See also Yedo.
Tomonobu, Kamiyama, fealty, ii. 192.
Tomoye, Yoshinaka's mistress, ii. 18.
Toribe-no-Yoroza and his dog, ii. 46.
Torii, significance, v. 120.
Tōru, Minamoto chief, famous villa, i. 201.
Torurihime, Yoshitsune's mistress, ii. 218.
Tosa clan, fief surrendered, iv. 1 89, 190; agitation for representation, 222–224. See also Yōdō.
Toyasu, Tokugawa house, hereditary privileges, iv. 8, 35.
Trade, domestic, ancient, i. 106, vi. 125, 126; condition of the mercantile class, ii. 41, iii. 141–152, iv. 151–157, vi. 165–167, 190; commercial probity, ii. 198, vi. 212–214, 220; signboards, iv. 26; and the military class, 155–157, vi. 154, 172; mediæval transportation service, iv. 169–171, 196; modern mercantile marine, v. 106, regulation of prices, vi. 126, 135; ancient conditions of sale, 139; regulations in Kyōtō, 145; changes in Military epoch, 149, 153; licensed monopolies, 151, 179, 184; Ashikaga oppression, 151–153, 166; enforced transfer of shops, 176; improvements under Hideyoshi, 165–167; marketing fief income rice, 177–180; rice exchanges and speculation, 180; branch houses, 193; distribution on credit basis, 194, 195; mediæval merchant marine, 197, 198, 239; mediæval laws against fraud, 199; pedlars, 202; tea, during Tokugawa epoch, 203–205. See also Banking, Barter, Guilds, Manufactures, Money, and next title.
Trade, foreign, early continental, i. 69–75, 106, vi. 127, 148; conditions of mediæval Oriental, iii. 107, vi. 150, 158–164, 173; conditions of mediæval Occidental, iii. 100–102; interdicted, 102, 128; monetary complications of renewed, 205–207; conduct of foreign traders, 208; governmental interference, 209, vi. 207; conditions of exclusive Dutch, vi. 167–171; conditions of Chinese, during era of isolation, 171–173, 238; Korean, during era of isolation, 173–175; smuggling during era of isolation, 175; appreciation of prices with renewed, 206; modern development, 208; foreign middlemen, 210–214; future, 216, 220.
Travel, early intercourse with continent, i. 69, 72, 74, vi. 144; improvements in early epochs, i. 135, vi. 143, 147; hardships of early, 135, 232; vehicles of Heian epoch, i. 207; etiquette, 208, 212; vehicles in Military epoch, ii. 114; Shōgun's progresses, ii. 115, iv. 172; ordinary escort, ii. 116; vehicles in Tokugawa epoch, iv. 163–168; condition of the roads, 168; establishment of inns, 171; dangers, 172, 175; posting system, vi. 143, 147, 150, 196; toll barriers, 157; Nobunaga's reforms, 158; Tokugawa reforms, 196. See also Railroads, Trade.
Treason, instances, ii. 284.
Trusts and mediæval guilds, vi. 184, 185.
Tsunayoshi, Tokugawa Shōgun, character, iii. 134, 146, 147, iv. 1, 131.
Uda, emperor, i. 225, 233; becomes Buddhist monk, 257.
Ujiyasu, Hōjō captain, ii. 84.
Umako, Soga no, ancient prime minister, annals, i. 80, 81; embraces Buddhism, 91; causes assassination of Emperor, 95, ii. 284.
United States, first contact with, iii. 165; treaty, 172; and the extra-territorial tribunals, v. 30, 35, 37; friendship, 75. See also Harris.
Utensils, of the Nara epoch, i. 147–149; table, of the Heian epoch, 216; table, of the Military epoch, ii. 107; Tea Ceremonial, 261, 271.
Vehicles. See Travel.
Vendetta, ii. 140, iv. 143.
Vicegerent, Hōjō control through office of, ii. 11.
Wardens, Ashikaga administrative power passes to, ii. 28.
Warfare, signals in battle, ii. 160; preliminaries of battle, 161; method, 161, 163, 169; adoption of Chinese maxims, 170–172, 283; lack of grand tactics, 171; repelling invasion, 163–167; ethics, 197. See also Fortifications, Weapons.
Weapons, primæval, i. 46; of Nara epoch, 149; introduction of firearms, ii. 32, 69; various, 135, 138. See also Bow and arrow, Halberd, Spear, Sword.
Weights, units, vi. 129; regulations during Tokugawa epoch, 195.
Women, as rulers, i. 92, 123, 133, 136; ancient property rights, 120; political power, 232–235, 259, ii. 11, 14; Shintō attitude toward, v. 127–129. See also Concubinage, Costumes, Marriage, Morals.
Wood-carving, development in Military epoch, i. 78–81.
Wrestling, brutality of early, iii. 66; later development, 67; military class pastime, 68; championship, 69, 71; umpires, 70; training, 72, 75; tournaments, 73; pay, 74; method, 76–80, 253; cult, 80; and "pliancy," 82.
Writing. See Ideographs.
Yalu River, Korea, naval battle near, v. 57.
Yamada Sōkō, philosopher, iv. 131.
Yamaga Soto, tactician, ii. 169.
Yamagata, Marquis, political policy, iv. 154.
Yamaguchi, seat of Ouchi power, i. 59.
Yamasaha Ansai, and revival of Shintō, v. 171.
Yamashina, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Yamatake, prehistoric hero, i. 57.
Yasutada, Fujiwara noble, effeminacy, i. 187.
Yasutoki, Hōjō vicegerent, fiscal policy, ii. 121; constitution, 202; attitude toward the Imperial Court, 202.
Yedo, capital of Tokugawa shogunate, iii. 93; prosperity, 142, vi. 176; immorality, iii. 142; disasters, 148, 149, 153, iv. 18; growth, iii. 150; adornment, iv. 11–13; appearance, 20–22; local government, 47; influence, 141; effect of intercourse with Kyōtō, 149.
Yeto Shimpei, resigns from ministry and leads a revolt, iv. 208.
Yodo, Hideyoshi's mistress, devotion and death, iii. 88.
Yōdō, chief of Tosa, foreign policy, iii. 221; memorial, 237; character, 237, 238; surrenders his fief, iv. 189, 190.
Yodoya Tatsugoro, merchant, iv. 152.
Yoritomo, Minamoto chief, and Masa, i. 234; overthrows the Taira, ii. 6; establishes feudalism, 6; character and policy, 7–11; first Shōgun, 8; taxation policy, iii. 121.
Yoshida, court family, hereditary accomplishment, iv. 6.
Yoshida family, wrestling umpires, iii. 70.
Yoshida Shingu, and revival of Shintō, v. 172.
Yoshiiye, famous archer, ii. 128.
Yoshimasa, Ashikaga Shōgun, extravagance and patronage of art, ii. 108, 109; financial measures, 122, 123, vi. 152; patron of Tea Ceremonial, 251, 253; patron of comparing of incenses, iii. 2; patron of the drama, 30.
Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga Shōgun, restores monarchical unity, ii. 26; character and policy, 26–28; Golden Pavilion, 54; extravagance, 108; reduces taxation, 122; apes Imperial Court, iv. 8; restores Chinese trade, vi. 159.
Yoshimitsu, Murakami, loyal sacrifice, ii. 189.
Yoshimune, Tokugawa Shōgun, reforms, iii. 139, 145; recognises imperial prerogatives, 146; character, iv. 2; power, 29; law reforms, 54, 59, 137; prison reforms, 66; encourages filial piety, 113.
Yoshinaka, Kiso, Minamoto general, ii. 8; attitude toward Imperial Court, 201; immorality, 218.
Yoshisada, Nitta, imperial general, captures Kamakura, ii. 16; war against Takauji, 20–22; death, 23; immorality, 219.
Yoshitaka, Murakami, fealty, ii. 190.
Yoshitoki, Hōjō chief, vicegerent of Shōgun, ii. 11.
Yoshitoki, Ouchi, Nagato chief, short rule, ii. 29.
Yoshitsune, brother of Yoritomo, military genius, ii. 8, 69, 187, iii. 35; flight from his brother, ii. 187, iii. 35; immorality, ii. 218; drama on his flight, iii. 37–48.
Yozei, emperor, imprisoned, ii. 284.
Yukimasa, Sanada, and his father, ii. 212.
Yukinaga, Konishi, Hideyoshi's officer, ii. 204.
Yoriiye, Yoritomo's son, deposed, ii. 11, 16, 279.
Yuraku, emperor, cruelty, i. 85.
Zeniya Gohei, rich merchant, iv. 152.

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