pha, ష sha, స sa హ which have the vowel (
Telugu characters) written separate from them, likewise have the vowel ి i written, in the same manner, separately.
ఉ or (Telugu characters) the vowel U as in full, put; or oo in foot. ఊ or (Telugu characters) the same vowel long, as ū in truth or oo in root, shoot, pool.
The form (Telugu characters) is constantly used for this vowel; but grammarians assert that this form belongs to R as will be stated under that letter.
The second forms are ు ూ along with which (Telugu characters) (the sign of ă) is used: excepting the nine letters that never use (Telugu characters). Thus.
కు is ku and కూ is kū; which is formed by adding ా to ు.
కు is ku ఖు khu గు gu ఘు ghu చు chu ఛు chhu జు ju జూ jū ఝు jhu టు tu ఠు thu డు du ఢు dhu ణు nu తు tu థు thu దు du ధు dhu ను nu పు pu ఫు phu బు bu భు bhu ము mu యు yu రు ru ఱు ru లు lu ళు lu వు vu శు su షు shu సు su హు hu క్షు xu.
Here it will be observed that the letters ప p ఫ ph and వ v add this vowel in a peculiar manner. This is done to distinguish them from ఘ gh and మ. But in common hasty writing these distinctions are sometimes confounded and we even find పు pu shaped మ Thus the word పురాణం purānam (a history) is written thus పురాణం- తప్పు tappu, a fault, is written తమ. In like manner న N is often written for స S. But over S and P when thus written, a little upright dash is placed, to denote that the vowel out to be separate from the consonant.
In common writing, the letters ఙ zu and ఙూ zū are often
