possible that the last five names were originally given as sons of
Heth, and the previous four as sons of Zidon? 18b might mean that the
Canaanite clans emanated from Phœnicia, and were afterwards 'dispersed'
over the region defined by 19.—The change from (
Hebrew characters) in 15 to
(Hebrew characters) in 18b. 19 is hardly sufficient to prove diversity of authorship (Gu.)
(Hebrew characters)] The oldest of the Phœnician cities; now Ṣaidā ?|P3 yes], nearly 30 miles
S of the promontory of Beirūt. Here, however, the name is the eponym
of the Ẓidonians ((Hebrew characters)), as the Phœnicians were frequently called, not
only in OT (Ju. 187 33, 1 Ki. 520 1631 etc.) and Homer (Il. vi. 290 f., etc.),
but on the Ass. monuments, and even by the Phœnicians themselves
(Mey. EB, iv. 4504).
(Hebrew characters) ((Greek characters))] elsewhere only in the phrases (Hebrew characters), (Hebrew characters) (ch. 23
pass. 2510 2746b 4932 [all P]); other writers speak of [(Hebrew characters)](Hebrew characters). The Ḥittites
(Eg. Ḫeta, Ass. Ḫatti) were a northern non-Semitic people, who under
unknown circumstances established themselves in Cappadocia. They
appear to have invaded Babylonia at the close of the First dynasty (c. 1930
B.C.) (King, Chronicles conc. early Bab. Kings, p. 72 f.). Not long after
the time of Thothmes III. (1501-1447), they are found in N Syria. With
the weakening of the Eg. supremacy in the Tel-Amarna period, they
pressed further S, occupying the Orontes valley, and threatening the
Phœnician coast-cities. The indecisive campaigns of Ramses II. seem to
have checked their southward movement. In Ass. records they do not
appear till the reign of Tiglath-pileser I. (c. 1100), when they seem to have
held the country from the Taurus and Orontes to the Euphrates, with Carchemish
as one of their chief strongholds. After centuries of intermittent
warfare, they were finally incorporated in the Ass. Empire by Sargon II.
(c. 717). See Paton, Syr. and Pal. 104 ff.—The OT allusions to the
Ḥittites are extremely confusing, and cannot be fully discussed here:
see on 1519-21 233. Besides the Palestinian Ḥittites (whose connexion
with the people just spoken of may be doubtful), there is mention of an
extensive Ḥittite country to the N of Palestine (2 Sa. 246 [GL], 1 Ki.
1029, 2 Ki. 76 al.). The most important fact for the present purpose is
the definite location of Ḥittites in the Lebanon region, or at the foot of
Hermon (Jos. 113 [GB, al.] and Ju. 33 [as amended by Mey. al.]), cf.
Ju. 126?). It does not appear what grounds Moore (Ju. 82) has for
the statement that these Ḥittites were Semitic. There is certainly no
justification for treating (with Jast. EB, 2094) (Hebrew characters) in this v. as a gloss.
The four names which follow are names of Canaanitish clans which constantly recur in enumerations of the aborigines of Palestine, and seldom elsewhere.
(1) (Hebrew characters)] The clan settled in and around Jerusalem: Jos. 158 1828, Ju.
1910, 2 Sa. 56-9 etc.
(2) (Hebrew characters)] An important politico-geographical name in the Egyptian
and cuneiform documents (Eg. Amor, etc., Ass. Amurru). In the TA
Tablets the 'land of Amurru' denotes the Lebanon region behind the
Phœnician coast-territory. Its princes Abd-Aširta and Aziru were
then the most active enemies of the Egyptian authority in the north,
conducting successful operations against several of the Phœnician
cities. It has been supposed that subsequently to these events the
