Page:A critical and exegetical commentary on Genesis (1910).djvu/318

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Amorites pressed southwards, and founded kingdoms in Palestine both E and W of the Jordan (Nu. 2113ff., Jos. 248 etc.); though Müller has pointed out some difficulties in the way of that hypothesis (AE, 230 f.).—In the OT there appears an occasional tendency to restrict the name to 'highlanders' (Nu. 1329, Dt. 17), but this is more than neutralised by other passages (Ju. 134). The most significant fact is that E (followed by D) employs the term to designate the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Palestine generally (cf. Am. 29f.), whom J describes as Canaanites. Apart from the assumption of an actual Amorite domination, it is difficult to suggest an explanation of E's usage, unless we can take it as a survival of the old Bab. name Amurru (or at least its ideographic equivalent MAR. TU) for Palestine, Phœnicia and Cœle-Syria.—See, further, Müller, AE, 218 ff., 229 ff.; Wi. GI, i. 51-54, KAT3, 178 ff.; Mey. ZATW, i. 122 ff.; We. Comp.2 341; Bu. Urg. 344 ff.; Dri. Deut. 11 f., Gen. 125 f.; Sayce, DB, i. 84 f.; Paton, Syr. and Pal. 25-46, 115 ff., 147 f.; Mey. GA2, 1. ii. § 396.

(3) (Symbol missingHebrew characters)] only mentioned in enumerations (1521, Dt. 71, Jos. 310 2411, Neh. 98) without indication of locality. (Symbol missingHebrew characters), (Symbol missingHebrew characters), (Symbol missingHebrew characters) occur as prop. names on Punic inscrs. (Lidzbarski, Nord-sem. Epigr. 405_{4}, 622_{4f}., 673_{3}; Ephem. i. 36, 308). Ewald conjectured a connexion with NT (Symbol missingGreek characters).

(4) (Symbol missingHebrew characters) ((Symbol missingGreek characters))] a tribe of central Palestine, in the neighbourhood of Shechem (342) and Gibeon (Jos. 97); in Ju. 33, where they are spoken of in the N, (Symbol missingHebrew characters) should be read, and in Jos. 113 Hittites and Hivvites should be transposed in accordance with GB. The name has been explained by Ges. (Th.) and others as meaning 'dwellers in (Symbol missingHebrew characters)' (Bedouin encampments: cf. Nu. 3241); but that is improbable in the case of a people long settled in Palestine (Moore). We. (Heid. 154) more plausibly connects it with (Symbol missingHebrew characters) = 'serpent' (see on 320), surmising that the Hivvites were a snake-clan. Cf. Lagarde, OS, 187, 174, l. 97 ((Symbol missingGreek characters)).

The 5 remaining names are formed from names of cities, 4 in the extreme N of Phœnicia, and the last in Cœle-Syria.

(5) (Symbol missingHebrew characters) ([E] (Symbol missingHebrew characters), G (Symbol missingGreek characters)] is from the city (Symbol missingGreek characters) (Jos. Ant. i. 138), the ruins of which, still bearing the name Tell 'Arḳa, are found on the coast about 12 miles NE of Tripolis. It is mentioned by Thothmes III. (in the form 'r-ka-n-tu: see AE, 247 f.), and in TA letters (Irkata: KIB, v. 171, etc.); also by Shalmaneser II. (KIB, i. 173; along with Arvad and Sianu, below), and Tiglath-pileser IV. (ib. ii. 29; along with Ṣimirra and Sianu).

(6) (Symbol missingHebrew characters) ((Symbol missingGreek characters))] inhabitants of (Symbol missingHebrew characters), Ass. Sianu (KIB, ll.cc.). Jer. (Quæst.) says it was not far from 'Arḳa, but adds that only the name remained in his day. The site is unknown: see Cooke, EB, iv. 4644 f.

(7) (Symbol missingHebrew characters) ((Symbol missingGreek characters))] 'Arwad (Ezk. 278. 11) was the most northerly of the Phœnician cities, built on a small island (Strabo, XVI. ii. 13; KIB, i. 109) about 35 miles N of Tripolis (now Ruād). It is named frequently, in connexions which show its great importance in ancient times, in Eg. inscrs. (AE, 186 f.), on TA Tab., and by Ass. kings from Tiglath-pileser I. to Asshurbanipal (KAT2, 104 f.; Del. Par. 281); see also Her. vii. 98.