never have been raised but for a disinclination to admit
anything of the nature of a stipulation into P's idea of the
covenant.—10. This is my covenant] Circumcision is both
the covenant and the sign of the covenant: the writer's
ideas are sufficiently vague and elastic to include both
representations. It is therefore unnecessary (with Ols. and
Ball) to read (
Hebrew characters) (see v.13).—11. for a covenant-sign]
i.e., after the analogy of 912f., a token by which God is
reminded of the existence of the covenant. The conception
rises out of the extraordinary importance of the rite when
the visible fabric of Hebrew nationality was dissolved, and
nothing remained but this corporal badge as a mark of the
religious standing of the Jew before Yahwe.—12a. at the age of eight days] connected with the period of the mother's
uncleanness: Lv. 121. 3; cf. Gn. 214, Lk. 159 221, Phil. 35;
Jos. Ant. i. 214.—12b, 13 go together (De.), extending the
obligation to slaves, who as members of the household
follow the religion of their master.—The penalty of disobedience
is death or excommunication, according as one or
the other is meant by the obscure formula: be cut off from its kindred (v.i.).
1O. (Hebrew characters)] G + (Greek characters). The whole is possibly a
gloss (KS. Ba. Gu.), due to confusion between the legislative standpoint
of 10ff. with its plural address, and the special communication to
Abraham; see, however, vv.12f.—(Hebrew characters)] inf. abs. used as juss.; G-K.
§ 113 cc, gg: cf. Ex. 1248, Lev. 67, Nu. 65.—11. (Hebrew characters)] treated by TOJ as
active, from [root] (Hebrew characters), but really abbreviated Niph. of [root] (Hebrew characters) (cf. G-K. § 67 dd),
a rare by-form (Jos. 52) of (Hebrew characters)—(Hebrew characters)] [E] (Hebrew characters), adopted by Ba.—12. (Hebrew characters)]
see 1414.—(Hebrew characters)] only vv.13. 23. 27 and Ex. 1244.—(Hebrew characters) is the individualising
use of 2nd p. sing., frequently alternating with 2nd pl. in legal
enactments. So v.13.—14. (Hebrew characters)] [E]G + (Hebrew characters) (Ba.).—(Hebrew characters)—(Hebrew characters)]
So Ex. 3033. 38 3114, Lv. 720f. 25. 27 179 198 2329, Nu. 913,—all in P, who
employs a number of similar phrases—'his people,' 'Israel,' 'the congregation
of Israel,' 'the assembly,' etc.—to express the same idea (see
Dri. 1872). (Hebrew characters) is here used in the sense of 'kin,' as occasionally in OT
(see 1938 258). It is the Ar. 'amm, which combines the two senses of
'people,' and 'relative on the father's side': see We. GGN, 1893, 480,
and cf. Dri. on Dt. 3250 (p. 384); Krenkel, ZATW, viii. 280 ff.; Nestle,
ib. xvi. 322 f.; KAT3, 480 f. With regard to the sense of the formula
there are two questions: (a) whether it embraces the death-penalty, or
merely exclusion from the sacra of the clan and from burial in the family
grave; and (b) whether the punishment is to be inflicted by the com-
