258 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 22, 1920
400 lodges of the following bands: letans, Arrapohoes, Kiawa- Padduce, Cheans, Snakes; the letans most numerous. This seems to suggest that the Kiawa-Padduce were Kiawa- Apaches, for the people whom Fowler calls Kiawa-Padduce in one place and in another place Padduca, were with the Kiowa and were not Com- anche. Yet Glenn's interpreter, Roy, was a man from the Osage country, and in 1853 Neighbors says Padduca was the Osage name for the Comanche or letan.
James' Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans, Mo. Hist. Soc. 1916; does not use the name Padouca nor letan, but speaks of the Comanche. In one place he speaks of an letan chief with a big party of Pawnees met on the Arkansas June 18, 1822. This is probably the same party of which Fowler speaks, Pawnees and one letan chief, but Fowler says that this letan chief had recently been to Washington; and it seems probable that he was the Oto chief named letan, and not a Comanche at all. James quotes a letter in the Louisiana Gazette, a Missouri newspaper printed in 1810, where is mentioned the " Aytan, or Padoco Nation."
W. P. Clark, Indian Sign Language, p. 33. W. P. Clark, about 1880, met a Kiowa- Apache about seventy years old who told him that he had been born on the Missouri river northeast of the Black hills, a statement which indicates that as late as 1810 the Kiowa-Apaches were still in the country where the Cataka had roamed in the days of Lewis and Clark.
All this seems to suggest the probability that in early days the people known as Padouca were not Comanche. If the Comanche had then occupied the central plains, where the French place the Padouca, the Spaniards would have known of it and would have recorded the fact. That the Utes first brought the Comanche to Taos, and that these two tribes were associated for some years thereafter, and that about 1730-40 the Comanche are known to have occupied the country from Taos to and beyond the Arkansas, justifies, to my mind, the belief that the Comanche came South near to the mountains.
Our later information about them tends to strengthen this sug- gestion. Ruxton, p. 254, speaks of a tradition that the Comanche
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