GRINNELL] WHO WERE THE PADOUCA? 259
and Shoshoni separated on Fountain Creek north of Pueblo in the edge of the mountains. Pike, Lalande, Pursley, Chouteau and De Mun, James, and other early sources, all mention the Comanche and "Snakes" as using trails in the edge of the mountains or among the mountains on their frequent journeys from the Arkansas to the Platte. One of the very early mentions of the Comanche out in the plains is in Bandelier where it is stated that in 1744, thirty- three Frenchmen visited the Comanche on the Rio Jicarilla at the head of the Canadian, east of Taos, and traded them guns. A few years later, we read in the Texas annals that the Comanche are pressing down to Red river, forcing the Lipans southward into Texas.
The mention by La Salle's men of a tribe in Texas, whose name they spell Caumuche, has been thought to show that the Comanche were in Texas in 1680; but it is a mere guess, as I suppose, that this name has anything to do with our name of Comanche.
The tribe spoken of as the Kiawa-Padduca by Jacob Fowler in 1821 may well have been Kiawa- Apache, and the name points to the survival of the use of the name Padouca for the Apache as late as 1821.
What has been written shows that the Spanish records of the expedition under Villazur in 1721 called the Indian allies Jicarilla- Apaches, while the French account called these same Indians Padouca.
Bourgmont says that the Padouca had fixed villages with large houses and that they planted ; and the early Lewis and Clark map records fixed villages for that people. On the other hand, the books and the Pawnee Indians declare that the Comanches did not raise crops, and had no fixed villages.
Du Lac implies that the Padaws and the Halitanes were different tribes.
Lewis and Clark say that the Cataka were Padouca and that the Snakes, Alitan, La Plais, were different from the Cataka.
Pike says that Padouca was the Pawnee name for the Comanche. He also says that the Tetaus or Tetan letan were Comanche. Then he says that the Osages made war on the Tetans and on the
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