300 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 22, 1920
constructed of logs and earth; and that the body of the house was usually square, like some Havasupai lodges, and that a covered passage led to the interior similar to the entrance to the Pawnee earth-lodge. The evidence seems fairly conclusive that we are dealing with an earth-lodge of some sort.
The Navajo hogan and Havasupai shelters appear so have vestibules but the construction is such that the vestibule does not show on the ground plan. Another difference is worthy of note; the ground plan of our dwelling is usually square, not round. However, two round ones were discovered on Deadman's flat. In three instances our vestibuled houses were joined together by a common wall, but in these cases each room had its own separate door facing to the southeast. Such twin hogans the writer has not observed among the modern Indians of the Arizona plateau. Although the boulder sites about the San Francisco peaks differ from existing earth-lodges yet those differences are not great.
Besides the double or twin character of some of the houses, other variations were noted. Even though the door is almost invariably found on the south or southeast side, yet several cases exist were the door faces the west. In a group of houses, for they are most often found in small groups, the house farthest to the southeast has its door facing the other houses of the group. Abnormalities in shape have been recorded such as the two houses having round ground plans. In general the plans are fairly constant.
Trenches were dug through one house in an attempt to discover the fire-place, but the results proved indeterminate. About the San Fran- cisco peaks the alluvial soil contains a large percentage of charcoal even to a depth of twenty feet telling the tale of ancient forest fires. Although charcoal fragments were obtained everywhere in the excavation no definite conclusion was reached as to the position of the fire-place. It seemed reasonably clear, however, that it was not in the center of the room.
Scattered over the sites of the earth-lodges are potsherds no different than those found in the pueblo ruins, that peculiar kind of pottery complex characteristic of the cliffdweller culture. One can not help but conclude that the earth -lodges and the pueblos were built by the same people.
This is but a preliminary study. Since a few potsherds, similar to those figured by Kidder and Guernsey (loc. cit.) and referred to the slab house culture have been gathered on the sites of the earth-lodges it is
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