TRUDEAU 1162 TRUDEAU verslty of Lake Erie, Ohio. There he lectured for eight weeks every year until 1838, while liv- ing in Watertown, and then moved to Paines- ville, Ohio, to be near the medical school. A runaway accident in 1841, causing the death of Amasa Trowbridge, Jr., a promising and dearly loved son who had taken over his father's practice. Dr. Trowbridge returned to Watertown and resumed his routine work until death claimed him in the spring of 1860. Dr. Trowbridge was said to have performed amputation of the thigh ninety-six times. A portion of one of his lectures has been pre- served from notes by his son. It was on "Gunshot Wounds" and appeared in American Medical Times, 1861, vol. ii., p. 334-335, sum- marizing much practical experience gained in his war service. Amer. Med. Times, 1861, vol. ii. pp. 341-343; pp. 358-359. • Trudeau, Edward Livingston (1848-1915). Edward Livingston Trudeau, pioneer of tu- berculosis work in America, founder of the first sanatorium in America for the treatment of tuberculosis, and of the first laboratory de- voted exclusively to its study, was born in New York City, October 5, 1848. He had a long medical ancestry. His ma- ternal grandfather, Frangois Eloi Berger, prac- tised medicine successfully in New York City, and his father, James Trudeau, there and in New Orleans. His paternal great-grandfather was governor of "Les Illinois." Shortly after Trudeau's birth, the youngest of three children, his parents separated, and at the age of three, he accompanied his grand- parents, mother (Cephise), and brother, to Paris, where he lived until his eighteenth year, when they returned to New York. He re- signed an appointment as midshipman, when his brother, to whom he was devoted, fell ill of pulmonary tuberculosis. From September to his brother's death in December, Trudeau nursed and even at times slept with him. He then studied for a while at a school of mines, and was later in a broker's ofifice, but finally, having been thrown upon his own resource, he took up, seriously, in 1868, the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. His desire to win the confidence, approba- tion and love of Miss Charlotte G. Beare of Douglaston, Long Island, influenced him pro- foundly, steadied him in his purpose to study medicine, and after his marriage, throughout his life, her wise judgment, high ideals, loyalty and devotion to him, were what made possible his career, a debt lie repeatedly acknowledges in his autobiography. He was anxious to marry and, learning that the Stranger's Hospital was to open January 1, 1871, he qualified as house physician, two months before he graduated in medicine. He was married June 20, 1871, and began practice (as he had only a modest income) on Long Island, in the fall, but later (1872) moved to New York, where he became associated with Dr. Fessenden Otis (q. v.), and engaged in teaching and dispensary work. On Long Island he had suffered from sever- al attacks of "malaria" and even though he had already had a cold abcess and swollen cervical glands, the shock of the diagnosis in 1873, of rather extensive pulmonary tuber- culosis, was severe. After a brief stay in Aiken, S. C, he went, in May, 1873, to Paul Smiths in the Adirondacks for the summer. The next winter was passed in Minneapolis, and he returned to the Adirondacks in the spring, worse than before. In 1876, A. L. Loomis (q. v.), who alone advised him to spend the first winter in the Adirondacks, wrote the first medical article on the value of this region in the treatment of tuberculosis, and described Trudeau's cast. (See Medical Rec- ord, 1879, vol. XV, p. 385, 409. ) Until 1880 Trudeau did little in medicine, but from then on, his practice increased at his summer home, Paul Smiths, and more and more patients spent the winter at Saranac Lake to be under his care. The work of Brehmer or Dettweiler sug- gested to him the idea which led to the devel- opment of the Adirondacks Cottage Sanitar- ium, now the Trudeau Sanatorium, for work- ing men and women, established on si.xteen acres of land bought and presented to him by Adirondack guides, his lifelong friends. The first two patients were received in 1884 and the first cottage opened February 1, 1885. At Trudeau's death, it consisted of over thirty- six buildings in the midst of sixty acres, and accommodated one hundred and fifty patients. For thirty years its founder, practically un- aided, raised funds to meet an annual deficit, which finally rose to $30,000, as well as pro- viding an endowment of $600,000. A few years after the publication of Koch's "Etiology of Tuberculosis," he obtained a com- plete translation. In a corner of his house,' tubercle bacilli were first grown in America, but the thermostat was defective and his home burned. This led to the erection in 1894 of the Saranac Laboratory, the gift of Mr. G. C. Cooper. Here he performed many experi-
