GORRIE 452 GRADLE Gome, John (1803-18SS) Among those things for which the fever- stricken have to be grateful is artiticial re- frigeration, invented by John Gorrie of Charleston and Apalachicola, Florida, who, like most inventors, met with ridicule and neglect. He was born in Charleston, South Caro- lina, on October 3, 1803 ; educated in a north- ern college and went to Apalachicola in 1833, practising there very successfully until his death in 185S. In 1847-8, while preparing a series of papers for the London Lancet on the subject of "Equilibrium of Temperature as a Cure for Pulmonary Consumption," one of his chemical experiments on air cooling resulted in the making of artificial ice. He immediately set about perfecting this idea with the result that the first ice machine ever made and operated was patented in 1850. Twelve years before the work of M. Carre in Paris, Dr. Gorrie's claims for air cooling in hospitals were definitely established. It was never his in- tention to perfect a process for ice making or to exploit his discovery, but rather, in a town where the extreme heat meant torture to fever patients, to cool the air. During his lifetime no one gave him the encouragement he needed or advanced the necessary funds. He died at Apalachicola on June 18, 1855, after a short illness. After he was dead it was discovered by his fellow citizens that he merited a monument and he had one. This was a discovery which hardly helped Gorrie, but the monument acknowledges the debt of -Apalachicola to a good physician and scientist. Davina Waterson. From The Home Magazine, Nov., 1906, and personal communications. Apparatus for the Artificial Production of Ice, New York, 1854. Gould, Augustus Addison (1805-1866) This physician, author and conchologist, was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, April 23, 1805. His father's family name was Duren, which was changed to that of Gould by act of the legislature. Receiving an A. B. at Har- vard in 1825 he entered the Harvard Medical School and taking his M. D. in 1830, began practice in Boston, where he lived the rest of his life. He studied natural history in college and for two years after graduation gave instruction in botany and zoology at Harvard College. With A. L. Pierson, J. B. Flint and Elisha Bartlett (q. v. to all three) he edited the Medical Magazine in Boston from 1832 to 1835. when this publication ended its brief life. Dr. Gould should be given credit for befriending W. T. G. Morton (q. v.) when he was introducing surgical anesthesia in the fall of 1846. Morton lived across the street from Gould, and the latter was instrumental in getting opportunities for Morton to anesthe- tize when the popular and professional preju- dice against etherization was strong. He became treasurer of the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1845 and held the position, with the exception of one year, until 1863, and he was president of that society from 1864 to 1866, the year of his death. In 1855 he delivered the annual discourse with the title, "Search out the Secrets of Nature." The following year he became a visiting physician to the Massachusetts General Hospital, serv- ing until his death, at the age of sixty-one, September 15, 1866. His writings gave him membership in sev- eral learned societies, among them being Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, the natural history so- cieties of Rhode Island and Connecticut and Quebec, the Imperial Mineralogical Society, St. Petersburg; Natural History Society, Athens, and Royal Society of Natural His- tory, Copenhagen. His chief works were : Translation of Lamarck's "Genera of Shells," 1833; "System of Natural History," 1833; translation of Gall's works ; the "Invertebrate Animals of Massachusetts," 1841 ; "Principles of Zoology" with Professor Louis Agassiz, 1848; "Mollusca and Shells of the U. S. Ex- ploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, 1852, quarto with plates;" "Land MoUusks of •the United States," 3 vols., 4to, 1851-5; "A History of New Ipswich, N. H.." with F. Kidder, 1852. Walter L. Burrage. New Amer. Encyclopaedia, Appleton. 1866. Proc. Mass. Med. Soc. The Introduction of Surgical Anesthesia, R. M. Hodges, M. D., Boston, 1891. Cradle, Henry (1855-1911) Henry Cradle, an ophthalmologist of Chi- cago, author of the first work in English on the "Germ Theory," was born at Frankfort- on-the-Main, Germany, August 17, 1855. His medical degree he received at the Chicago Medical College in 1874. After an interne- ship at Mercy Hospital, Chicago, he studied in Vienna, Heidelberg, Leipsic, Paris and London. He was professor of physiology in the Chicago Medical College from 1881 till 1895, and professor of ophthalmology and otolaryngology in the same institution from 1895 to 1906. He was a member of the Chi- cago Medical Society, the Chicago Ophthal-
