Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/145

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tar; comp. the equiv. AS. godfœder, godsunu, goddohter, which are equal to E. godfather, godson, and goddaughter; also Swed. gubbe, ‘old man,’ gumma, ‘old woman’ (dial. ‘godmother’), are pet names for guðfaðer, guðmóðer. As may be seen under Gevatter and Pate, the godfather is pater spiritualis, the child baptized filius or filia spiritualis; comp. Vetter also.

Gott, m., ‘God,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. got, m., a term common to Teut., unknown to the rest of the Aryan group; comp. OSax., Du., AS. and E. god, OIc. guð, goð, Goth. guþ, ‘God.’ The form of the Goth. and Scand. words is neuter (comp. Abgott), but the gender is masculine. OIc. goð, n., is mostly used in the plur. Goth. guda- and guþa-, n., ‘God,’ are based upon Aryan ghu-to-m., in which -to- is the partic. suffix discussed under falt, laut, and traut. The Aryan root ghu- is Sans. hû, ‘to invoke the gods’ (partic. hū̆tá-). Gott in the orig. neuter form is the ‘invoked being’; in the Vedas the epithet puruhûta, ‘oft-invoked,’ is usually applied to Indra. The word Gott being specifically Teut., there is no term common to this group and one of the allied languages (yet comp. OIc. tíve, ‘deity,’ with Sans. dêva, Lat. deus?) Göttin, the fem. of Gott, is from the equiv. MidHG. gotinne, götinne, gutinne, OHG. gutin (Goth. *gudini, AS. gyden, Du. godin).

Götze, ‘idols, false god,’ from MidHG. götze, m., ‘statue for ecclesiastical purposes’; lit. ‘cast (image),’ (allied to gießen, MidHG. gieȥen?). Perhaps, however, Götze is a short form of Götterbild, just as Götz is pet name for Gottfried; comp. Spatz and Sperling.

Grab, n., from the equiv. MidHG. grap(b), OHG. grab, n., ‘grave’; like Graben; m., ‘ditch, trench, sewer,’ from the equiv. MidHG. grabe, OHG. grabo, m.; allied to ModHG. graben, ‘to dig, engrave,’ from the equiv: MidHG. graben, OHG. graban, str. vb.; a common Teut. str. vb., corresponding to Goth. graban, AS. grafan, E. to grave, Du. graven (graf, ‘grave’); from a common Teut. root grab (pre-Teut. ghrabh), which is primit. allied to OSlov. grebą, ‘I dig, row,’ and grobŭ, ‘grave’; Gr. γράφω, ‘I scratch, write,’ has probably no connection with the word, Comp. Griffel, Grube, Gruft, grübeln.

Grad, m., ‘degree, step, stage, rank,’ from MidHG. grât (t and d), ‘grade, degree,’

even in late OHG. grâd; from Lat. gradus, whence also Fr. gré (OIr. grád).

Graf, m., ‘count, earl,’ from the equiv. MidHG. grâve (with the variant grœve, chiefly in the plur.), OHG. grâvo, grâvio (upon the old j form is based the ModHG. proper name Gräf, a parallel form of Graf). OHG. grâvio assumes a Goth. *grêfja (‘commander’), which is the term for the agent from the verbal noun gagrêfts, ‘command, order,’ preserved in Goth. The AS. term gerêfa (AS. scîrgerêfa, E. sheriff), which is similar in meaning, is yet radically different, since it points to a Goth. *ga-rôfja; its orig. sense is probably ‘head of a troop,’ allied to *rôf, OHG. ruova, OIc. róf (stafróf), ‘number.’ OIc. (MidE.), greife, ‘count,’ is derived from MidLG. grêve (from OLG. *grâfio). All explanations of Graf which do not originate in a Teut. root grêf, ‘to command,’ conflict with the laws relating to the change of sound and meaning. Note the signification of Graf in Du. pluimgraaf, ‘one who minds the fowls,’ Salzgraf, ‘manager of a saltwork,’ Deichgraf, &c.

gram, adj., ‘adverse, hostile, vexed, angry,’ from MidHG. and OHG. gram, ‘angry, peevish, irritated, enraged’; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. gram, Du. gram, AS. gram, OIc. gramr. To Goth. *grama- (from pre-Teut. ghromo-), Gr. χρόμαδος, ‘gnashing’ (and χρεμέθω, Lat. fremo, ‘I gnash’?), seem allied. From the Teut. adj. is derived the Romance cognate, Ital. gramo, ‘gloomy.’ — Gram, m., as a subst. even in MidHG. gram. From the same root. grimm is derived. See the latter word.

Gran, m., ‘grain,’ first occurs in ModHG. from Lat. granum, ‘grain.’ From the same source ModHG. Grän is also derived through the medium of Fr. grain.

Granal, m., Granele, f., ‘shrimp,’ from the Du., in which the modern form is garnaal, formerly granaal, graneel, in the same sense.

Grand, m., ‘gravel,’ first occurs in ModHG. from LG.; just as Mulm (which see) is allied to mahlen, so Grand is probably connected with an OTeut. root meaning ‘to grind’; comp. AS. grindan, E. to grind (from pre-Teut. root ghrendh, whence also Lat. frendo, ‘to gnash’).

Granne, f., ‘bristle (of swine), awn,’ from MidHG. gran, grane, f., ‘point of hair, moustache, fish-bone’ (in the latter sense Granne is also used dial.), OHG. grana, ‘moustache’; corresponding to AS.