Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/166

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it cannot be decided in which division of the Saxon and Scand. group the technical term originated; as in other instances — see Boot, Bord — AS. contains the earliest record of the word. The MidHG. helm (see Hellebarte), ‘helve, handle,’ which occurs only once, and its variant halme, do not seem to be actually allied to the present term; they are connected with Halfter.

Hemd, n., ‘shirt,’ from MidHG. and MidLG. hęmde, hęmede, OHG. hęmidi, n., ‘shirt,’ prop. ‘long under-garment’; allied to OFris. hemethe, AS. hęmeþe (Goth. *hameiþi?); a dimin. term, formed like OHG. jungîdi, ‘young of animals.’ The sense ‘short garment, bodice,’ originates in Teut. hama-, ‘garment,’ the same as OIc. hamr, m., ‘covering, skin, external form.’ See further under Leichnam, also Hamen, hämisch. The Goth. form *hameiþja- previous to its permutation was kamîtjo-, and with this the late Lat. term camisia, ‘tunica interior, under-garment, shirt,’ recorded at the beginning of the 5th cent., and chiefly in relation to soldiers, must be connected in some way; it differs little from the assumed form in pre-Teut.; OIc. hams, m. (from hamisa-), ‘slough of a snake,’ has a derivative s. Probably Sans. çamulýa, ‘shirt,’ is prim. allied. Since there is no doubt that the HG. word is classical Teut., the vulgar camisia must be traced back to a Teut. origin, which is also attested by W. hefis, ‘chemise,’ and OIr. caimmse, ‘nomen vestis.’ The relation of the initial HG. h to Rom. c would correspond to that of Fr. Chivert to its OHG. original Hiltibert, i.e. a Franc. ch forms the connecting link. In Lat. camîsia we obtain for HG. Hemd other related terms in Rom. (Fr. chemise, Ital. camicia).

hemmen, vb., from the equiv. MidHG. hęmmen (MidG.), hamen, ‘to stop, hinder, check’; OHG. *hamên and *hęmmen are wanting. The early existence of the word, which is not found in Bav., is proved by OIc. hemja, ‘to check,’ and Sans. çamay, ‘to annihilate,’ which is perhaps cognate with the latter. It is based upon a Teut. root ham, meaning ‘to mutilate’; comp. OHG. ham (inflected form hammêr), ‘lame, paralytic’ (Goth. *ham-ma-, from *ham-na-, orig. a partic.), and further also OHG. hamal, ‘mutilated’ (see Hammel). Scand. suggests the possibility of a different etymology— hemja, ‘to curb any one, lame, check,’ from hǫm, f., ‘hind-leg of a horse,’ hemill, ‘rope for tethering cattle by the

thighs when they are grazing,’ hafa hemil á, ‘to restrain any one.’ In Suab. and Bav. hemmen means only ‘to tether horses when grazing,’ Comp. also Lith. kámanos, plur., ‘bridle.’

Hengst, m., ‘stallion,’ from MidHG. hęngest, OHG. hęngist, m., ‘gelding, horse (generally),’ comp. Du. hengst, m., ‘stallion,’ AS. hęngest, m., ‘male horse (generally),’ obsolete at the beginning of the MidE. period; OIc. hestr (from *hinhistr), m., ‘stallion, horse (generally).’ The earlier meaning of the HG. word was equus castratus, and by the adoption of the general term Pferd, ‘horse,’ the word obtained in ModHG. (from the 15th cent.) as ‘ungelded, male horse.’ In Goth. probably *hangists. The attempt to explain the word etymologically has not yet been successful; comp. Lith. szankus, ‘nimble’ (of horses)?, or Lith. kinkýti, ‘to put (horses) to’?.

Henkel, m., ‘handle, shank,’ ModHG. simply, allied to henken.

henken, vb., ‘to hang, suspend,’ from MidHG. and OHG. hęnken, prop. a variant of OHG. and MidHG. hęngen (k is Goth. gj). To these two words, varying in sound, different meanings were attached; comp. MidHG. hęnken, ‘to hang up,’ hęngen, ‘to hang down (one's head),’ espec. ‘to give a horse the reins.’ Yet MidHG. hęngen is also used in the sense of hęnken, ‘to execute by hanging.’

Henker, m., from the equiv. MidHG. (rare) hęnker, hęnger, m., ‘hangman,’ allied to henken.

Henne, f., ‘hen,’ from MidHG. and MidLG. hęnne, OHG. henna, f.; comp. AS. hęnn, E. hen (AS. hana was even in the AS. period supplanted by its equiv. cock); a West Teut. fem. of the common Teut. hano, ‘cock,’ to which are allied the graded forms, OIc. hœna, OSwed. and ModSwed. ho̊na, ‘hen’ (OHG. also hęnin, hęninna, ‘hen’). See Hahn, Huhn.

Heppe, see Hippe.

her, adv., ‘hither, this way.’ from MidHG. hër (hëre), OHG. hëra, adv., ‘hither,’ formed like OHG. wara, ‘whither’; allied to Goth. hiri, adv. imperat., ‘come here.’ Connected with a pronom. stem hi-. See heute, hier, hinnen.

herb, adj., from the equiv. MidHG. hęre, inflected hęrwer (also hare, inflected harwer), ‘bitter, harsh’; Goth. and OHG. *har-wa- is wanting. Allied to OSax.