Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/387

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it is wanting in Swab. and Bav. The Rom. languages have Fr. tonne (tonneau), Span. and Portug. tonel. Probably Kelt. is the ultimate source of the word; comp. Ir. and Gael. tunna, ‘tun, cask.’ In that case, the word passed into HG. after 700 A.D., When the t could not be permutated to z. The form of OSwed. þyn, ‘tun, cask,’ shows that it was borrowed at a much earlier period.

Topas, m., ‘topaz,’ from the equiv. MidHG. topâȥe (topazîe), m.; derived, like most of the terms for precious stones, through a Lat. medium from Gr. Comp. Gr. τόπαζος, τοπάζιον, ‘topaz.’

Topf, m., ‘pot,’ from the equiv. MidHG. topf (with the diminutive variant tüpfen), m.; this word, which is rare in MidHG., is wanting in OHG. The primit. word is unknown to UpG. (Hafen being used), yet Alem. has preserved dipfi, düpfi, ‘iron pot with three legs,’ Hess. dippen, ‘pot’ (Luther Töpfen); in Du. and E. the divergent form pot occurs. MidHG. topf, ‘olla,’ is probably more closely related to MidHG. topf, topfe, OHG. topf, tof (topfo), ‘top’ (toy), so too ModHG. dial. Topf, ‘top’ (toy); AS. and E. top is exceptional. The word is based on the Teut. root dup, ‘to be deep, hollow’ (see tief); Topf, lit. ‘that which has been hollowed out.’

Topp, m., ‘top’ (of a mast), ModHG. only, borrowed, like most nautical terms, from LG. Comp. Du. top, E. top. For further cognates see under Zopf.

Torf, m., ‘turf, peat,’ ModHG. only, a LG. loan-word unknown to Bav.; comp. LG. torf, Du., AS., and E. turf, and the equiv. OIc. torf. In OHG. we find a genuine HG. form zurba, ‘sward,’ with a normal permutation, for which Swiss now has turbe, with the LG. permutation. The OTeut. word passed (in a LG. form) into Rom.; comp. Ital. torbo, Fr. tourbe, ‘turf.’ This form Torf (lit. ‘sward’), orig. common to Teut., is based on pre-Teut. drbh, and is connected with Sans. darbhá, ‘tuft of grass.’

Torkel, f., ‘wine-press,’ from MidHG. torkel, OHG. torkula, f., ‘wine or oil press.’ From Lat. torcula, torculum.

torkeln, vb., ‘to reel, stagger,’ from the equiv. MidHG. torkeln; intensive of MidHG. turc (k), m., ‘reeling, downfall.’ Early history obscure.

Tornister, m., ‘haversack, knapsack,’ adopted in the last cent. from Hungar. tarisznya, ‘satchel.’

Tort, m., ‘wrong, vexation,’ ModHG. only; the LG. form for HG. Troß.

Torte, f., ‘tart,’ early ModHG. only, from Fr. tarte.

tosen, vb., ‘to rage, storm,’ from the equiv. MidHG. dôsen, OHG. dôsôn. Based on a Teut. root þus (by gradation þaus), from which OIc. þyss, þausn, ‘tumult,’ is also derived.

tot, adj., ‘dead,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. tôt (OHG. also tôd); corresponding to the equiv. Goth. dauþs, AS. deád, E. dead, Du. dood, OSax. dôd. Teut. dau-do- (dauþo-), contained in these words, is properly a partic. (comp. falt, laut, traut) of the Teut. strong verbal root dā̆u, ‘to die,’ mentioned under Tod. — Derivative töten, factitive vb., ‘to put to death,’ from the equiv. MidHG. taten (tœden), OHG. tôten (tôden). Comp. Goth. dauþjan.

traben, vb., ‘to trot, jog,’ from MidHG. draben (draven), wk. vb., ‘to walk or ride at an even, rapid pace’; corresponding to Du. draven. —

Trabant, m., ‘gentleman-at-arms, life-guardsman,’ is a derivative of traben, with a Rom. partic. suffix, Comp. Lappalien.

Tracht, f., ‘dress, costume, load,’ from MidHG. (OHG.) traht, f., ‘carrying, load’; verbal abstract of tragen. —

trächtig, adj., ‘pregnant,’ is connected with the subsidiary meaning of traht, ‘pregnancy.’

trachten, vb., ‘to aim (at), aspire (to),’ from MidHG. trahten, OHG. trahtôn, wk. vb., ‘to think, esteem, consider, strive, invent, excogitate’; corresponding to Du. trachten, AS. trahtian. Based on Lat. tractare, ‘to treat, reflect on,’ whence Ital. trattare, Fr. traiter, ‘to treat.’ The genuine Teut. origin of OHG. trahtôn is undoubted, hence it has been thought to be primit. allied to Gr. δέρκομαι, Sans. dṛç, ‘to see.’

träge, adj., ‘indolent, lazy,’ from MidHG. trœge, adj. (trâgo, adv.), OHG. trâgi, adj. (trâgo; adv.), ‘slow, loth, wearied, lazy’; corresponding to Du. traag, AS. trâg, ‘reluctant, difficult.’ The assumed primit. Teut. *trêgu-z, ‘reluctant, loth,’ belongs to an OTeut. root trē̆g, ‘to be sad, disheartened,’ which appears in Goth. trîgo, ‘sadness,’ OIc. tregr, ‘reluctant, slow’ (trege, ‘pain’), AS. trëga, ‘pain,’ OSax. trâgi, ‘vexation’ (allied to trëgan, str. vb., ‘to be sorry’). OSwed. trögher (ModSwed. trög), ‘lazy,’ has a graded form, ô, of the root vowel ē̆. Sans. drâgh, ‘to torment,’ has also been