Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/386

---

E. ink, Du. inkt, Rhen. inkes, are based on the Romance cognates, Fr. encre, OFr. enques, Ital. inchiostro (the ultimate source is Lat.-Gr. ἔγκαυστον).

Tisch, m., ‘table,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tisch, OHG. tisc, m.; corresponding to OSax. disc, Du. disch. The OHG. word also means ‘dish,’ the antiquity of which is proved by AS. disč, ‘dish, bowl,’ E. dish. The Gr.-Lat. discus, on which the cognates are based, has the late signification ‘dish’ (post-classical; properly ‘disk’); yet comp. also Ital. desco, ‘table,’ OFr. dois, ‘table’ (ModFr. dais, ‘canopy, dais’).

Titel, m., ‘title, claim,’ from MidHG. titel (tittel), OHG. titul, tital, m.; from the equiv. Lat. titulus, whence also Fr. titre, Ital. titolo.

Tobel, m., ‘narrow valley,’ from MidHG. tobel, OHG. tobal, m., ‘forest ravine, valley’; a derivative of the Teut. root dub, dup (see Tief), to which Lith. daubà, dauburà, ‘valley,’ OSlov. duplĭ, ‘hollow,’ dĭbrĭ, ‘valley, ravine,’ are primit. cognate (Aryan root dhup, dhub).

toben, vb., ‘to fume, rage, bluster,’ from the equiv. MidHG. toben, OHG. tôbên (tobôn), wk. vb.; corresponding to the equiv. AS. dofian, ‘delirare’ (gedof, ‘fury, rage, madness’). Based on the Teut. root dub, ‘to be mentally confused, to be deafened,’ from which taub and dumm are also derived. Whether we have to assume on account of OHG. tûfar, tûbar, ‘silly, foolish,’ an Aryan root dhū̆p, dhū̆q, is dubious; perhaps Lith. dúkti, ‘to grow mad,’ dúkis, ‘fury, madness,’ are primit. allied to the cognates of toben.

Tochter, f., ‘daughter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tohter, OHG. tohter, f.; a common Teut., and also a primit. Aryan term; comp. Goth. daúhtar, AS. dohtor, E. daughter, Du. dochter, OSax. dohtar, ‘daughter.’ The primit Aryan dhuktêr (dhugatêr), on which the Teut. cognates are based, is indicated also by Lith. duktě, OSlov. dŭšti; comp. further Gr. θυγάτηρ, Sans. duhitâr, Zend duγδar, ‘daughter.’ The Aryan word is usually considered to be a derivative of the Sans. root dugh, ‘to milk,’ regarding Tochter as equiv. to ‘milker.’ This assumption is, however, quite as dubious as the derivation of Vater, Mutter, and Bruder.

Tod, m., ‘death,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tôt (d), OHG. tôd, m.; corresponding to Goth. dauþus, OSax. dôth, Du. dood,

AS. deáþ, E. death. A verbal abstract of the Teut. verbal root dau, which has been preserved in OIc. deyja, str. vb. (whence the equiv. E. to die); comp. OSax. dôian (from daujan), OHG. and MidHG. touwen (MidHG. töuwen), wk. vb., ‘to die.’ Teut. dau-þu- has the Lat.-Sans. suffix tu- (base dháu-tu-s). The adj. cognate ModHG. tot, ‘dead,’ is based on the to partic. of the same root, dhā̆u (partic. dhautó), With these are connected in the non-Teut. languages OSlov. daviti, ‘to strangle,’ Lith. dóvyti, ‘to torment,’ which correspond as causatives to Goth. dôjan (for *dôwjan), ‘to torment’ (lit. ‘to put to death’). The orig. form of the root was dhē̆w, dhō̆w.

todt, see tot.

toll, adj., ‘mad, frantic, absurd,’ from MidHG. and OHG. tol (with one l), adj., ‘foolish, absurd,’ to which OHG. tulisc, ‘foolish,’ is allied. Comp. OSax., Du., and AS. dol, ‘foolish,’ E. dull. The Teut. root dul contained in these words has a variant dwal, which has been preserved in Goth. dwals, foolish, AS. gedwëlan, ‘to err,’ OHG. gitwola, ‘infatuation, delusion, heresy,’ OSax. dwalm, ‘infatuation, delusion.’ An Aryan root dhwel, dhul, ‘to be infatuated, deluded,’ is also attested by Sans. dhvṛ, dhûr (dhru), ‘to deceive, cheat, injure.’

Tölpel, m., ‘blockhead, booby,’ from MidHG. törpel, dörpel, properly dörper, dörpœre, m., ‘peasant, clownish person, blockhead’; really identical with Dörfer, ‘villager.’ MidHG. dörper is a MidG. and LG. form (for genuine MidHG. dorfœre). The LG. form of the MidHG. word is explained by the fact that Flanders, the medium by which French terms relating to the court and chivalry were introduced into Germany, also furnished some words (comp. Wappen) to HG.

Ton, m., ‘tone, sound,’ from MidHG. tôn, dôn, m., ‘sound, tone, voice, song melody’; from Gr.-Lat. tŏnus (τόνος), with lengthening of the ŏ; comp. Thron. Hence ModHG. tönen, vb., ‘to sound, resound,’ from MidHG. tœnen, dœnen.

Tonne, f., ‘tun, cask, barrel,’ from the equiv. MidHG. tunne, OHG. tunna, f. A corresponding word with a similar form is preserved by Du. ton, AS. tunne, E. tun; according to these LG. cognates the HG. word ought to have an initial z, or rather the cognates an initial d. Hence the word must have been borrowed by one or the other, which is all the more probable since