This page has been validated.
ESSAY II
83
35. The velar k is evidenced by the word kayu (§ 18); the velar ṅ by aṅin (§ 20) ; the velar g by the word dagaṅ, “stranger, trader”.
Stranger. Philippines, Tag. : dagaṅ — Celebes, Bolaang- Mongondou: dagaṅ — Borneo, Day.: dagaṅ — Java, Sund.: dagaṅ — Sumatra, Toba: dagaṅ — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: dagan — Eastern Border, Bim. : daga.
36. We must concede to Common IN the palatals c,[1] j, ñ[1] But the pronunciation of this series of sounds is not quite identical everywhere : in several langua es they are palatalized dentals, in Bont. the two explosives are " frequently near ds and ts ", as Seidenadel says.
37. The tenuis c. This is shown to be Common IN by the word racun, “poison”.
Poison. Celebes, Bug.: racun — Borneo, Sampit: racun — Java, Jav. : racun — Sumatra, Karo: racun — Malay Penin- sula, Mal. : racun — Eastern Border, Bim. : racu.
38. The media j. This is proved to be Common IN by means of the word jalan, “path”.
Path. Philippines, Bont. : jalan — Celebes, Bareqe : jaya — Borneo, Sampit: jalan — Java, Sund.: jalan — Sumatra, Besemah: jalan — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: jalan — Eastern Border, Sawunese: jara.
Note, I. — Phonetic law: “Bareqe, like Bim. and Sawunese, tolerates no final consonants”, hence jaya < jalan.
Note II. — Parallels: Bareqe jaya with y < l as, in buyu, “mountain”, beside Bug., etc., buluq. — Sawunese jara with r < l as in mara, “exhausted” , beside Mal., etc., malas.
39. The nasal ñ. This is shown to be Common IN by the word añud, “to drift”. To drift. Philippines, Pamp.: añud — Celebes, Mak.: añuq — Borneo, Day. : hañut — Java, Old Jav. : añud — Sum-atra, Besemah : añot — Malay Peninsula, Mal. : hañut.
Note I. — Phonetic laws: “Day., Mal., Besemah and other languages, particularly of Borneo and Sumatra, change
