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ESSAY II
85
opinion, such as their common possession of the passive in buah, their peculiar adverbial use of the numerals (§ 172), etc.—Porzezinski's contention with regard to the relationship of Mlg. to other languages (Porzezinski-Boehme, p. 77) is untenable.
41. We must attribute to Common IN the dentals t, d, n. The tenuis is evidenced by laṅit (§ 1), the media by dagaṅ (§ 35) and the nasal by aṅin (§ 20).
42. We must attribute to Common IN the labials p, b, m. The tenuis has been shown to be Common IN by the word apuy (§ 29).
43. The media b. This can be shown to be Common IN by means of the word buṅa, “flower”.
Flower. Philippines, Pamp.: buṅa — Celebes, Mak.: buṅa — Borneo, Bol.: buṅa — Near Java, Mad.: buṅa — Sumatra, Toba: buṅa — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: buṅa — Eastern Border, Bim.: buṅa — South-Western Border, Nias: buṅa.
Note.—Pamp. buṅa does not mean “flower” but “fruit”, and Mad. buṅa means "seed-bud". Compare the parallel case that in Mentaway bua—which, by the way, has no etymological connexion with buṅa—means “flower” as well as “fruit”.
44. The nasal m. This is shown to be Common IN by means of the word ama, “father”.
Father. Philippines, Inv. : ama — Celebes, Bolaang-Mongondou: ama — Borneo, Bol.: tama — Java, Sund.: ama or rama — Sumatra, Gayo: ama — Madagascar, Mlg. dialects: zama — Northern Border, Form. dialects : ama, rama, tama — Eastern Border, Masaretese : ama — South-Western Border, Siberutese: ama.
Note I.—In rama, tama and zama the articles ra, ta and i have coalesced with the word ama: see §§ 93 and 187.—Mlg. zama has undergone the following development : zama < yama, in accordance with § 18, < iama = article i + ama. A parallel thereto is Mlg. zahu, beside ahu, "I", < article i + aku. The
