eral assembly. He was the leader of the same party under the name of Anti-Federalists, and was bitterly opposed to the adoption of the na- tional constitution. As a delegate to the conven- tion that assembled at South Kingston in March, 1790, to consider the adoption of the constitution, he so successfully resisted the measure that, upon an informal vote, there was a majority of seven- teen against it. In the following May the assem- bly met at Newport, and, Mr. Hazard's opposition having been withdrawn, the constitution was adopted by a majority of one. He was subse- quently a representative in the general assembly, but his defection from his party greatly impaired his influence. In 1805 he removed to the Friends' settlement near City Hill, N. Y., where he pur- chased a valuable estate. He was fluent of speech and subtle and ingenious in debate.
HAZARD, Samuel, merchant, b. in 1714; d.
in 1758. He was engaged in business in Phila-
delphia, and was one of the chief movers in a
scheme of colonization, having for its ultimate aim
the Christianization of the Indians. To carry the
project into effect he explored the territory to be
colonized, had meetings with the Indians, with
whom he bargained for the land, and obtained a
release from Connecticut of its claim to that sec-
tion of country. The defeat of Braddock at Fort
Duquesne, near Pittsburg, and the early death of
Mr. Hazard, prevented this project from being
executed. He was one of the original trustees of
Princeton, and before his removal from Mew York
to Philadelphia was one of the elders in the Wall
street Presbyterian church. — His son, Ebenezer,
author, b. in Philadelphia, 15 Jan., 1744: d. there,
13 June, 1817, was educated at Nottingham acad-
emy, Md., and at Princeton, where he was gradu-
ated in 1762. From 1770 till 1775 he was a mem-
ber of the publishing firm of Xoel and Hazard, of
New York. In the latter year he was appointed
postmaster, and while acting in this capacity un-
der the committee of safety he applied to Con-
necticut for a confirmation of the grant made to his
father, but was refused. On 28 Jan., 1782, he was
appointed to succeed Richard Bache as postmas-
ter-general, retaining the office till 29 Sept., 1789.
He removed to Philadelphia in 1791, and engaged
in business. He was active in efforts to improve
the moral condition of the Indians, was a trustee
of the Presbyterian general assembly, and one of
the founders of the North American insurance
company, of Philadelphia. He aided in writing
Gordon's " History of the American War," in the
preparation of Thompson's translation of the
Bible, and in the publication of Belknap's " His-
tory of New Hampshire." He published " Histor-
ical Collections" (2 vols., 1792-4) and "Remarks
on a Report concerning Western Indians." An
extensive collection of his autograph letters is in
the Massachusetts historical society's library. —
Ebenezer's son, Samuel, archaeologist, b. in Phila-
delphia, 26 May, 1784; d. there, 22 May, 1870,
spent his early life in commercial pursuits, and
made several voyages to the East Indies before he
began his literary career. He published "Regis-
ter of Pennsylvania " (16 vols., 1828-'36) ; " United
States Commercial and Statistical Register" (6
vols., 1839-'42) ; " Annais of Pennsylvania, 1609-'82 "
(Philadelphia, 1850) : and " Pennsylvania Archives,
1682-1790 " (12 vols., 1853).
HAZARD, Thomas Robinson, author, b. in
South Kingston, R. I., in 1784 ; d. in New York
in March, 1876. He was educated at the Friends'
school in Westtown, Chester co„ Pa., and subse-
quently engaged in farming, and assisted his
father in the woollen business. He then estab-
lished a woollen mill at Peacedale, R. I., and
acquired a fortune. In 1836 he purchased an
estate at Vaueluse, R. I., and in 1840 retired from
his manufacturing business. He caused many
reforms to be introduced in the management of
insane asylums and poor-houses in Rhode Island.
He was, for years preceding his death, an enthu-
siastic spiritualist, and wrote much in support of
their views. He is the author of " Facts for the
Laboring Man" (1840); "Capital Punishment"
(1850) ; " Report on the Poor and Insane " (1850) ;
" Handbook of the National American Party "
(1856) ; " Appeal to the People of Rhode Island "
(1857) ; and " Ordeal of Life " (Boston, 1870).—
His brother, Rowland Gibson, author, b. in
South Kingston, R. 1., 9 Oct., 1801 ; d. in Peace-
dale, R. I., 24 June. 1888. He was engaged from
his youth in mercantile and manufacturing pur-
suits at Peacedale, where he accumulated a fortune.
While in New Orleans in 1841-'2, though threat-
ened with lynching, he obtained with great effort
the release of large numbers of free negroes, who
belonged to ships from the north, and who had
been placed in the chain-gang. He was a member
of the Rhode Island legislature in 1851-'2 and
1854-5, and was in the state senate in 1866-'7.
Brown gave him the degree of A. M. in 1845. and
that of LL. D. in 1869. He is the author of
" Language, its Connection with the Constitution
and Prospects of Man," under the pen-name of
" Heteroscian " (Providence. 1836); "Lectures on
the Adaptation of the Universe to the Cultivation
of the Mind " (1840) ; " Lecture on the Causes of
the Decline of Political and National Morality "
(1841) ; " Essay on the Philosophical Character of
Channing " (1844) ; " Essay on the Duty of Indi-
viduals to support Science and Literature " (1855) ;
" Essays on the Resources of the United States "
(1864) ; " Freedom of the Mind in Willing " (New
York, 1864) ; " Essays on Finance and Hours of
Labor " (1868) ; and two letters addressed to John
Stuart Mill on " Causation and Freedom in Will-
ing " (London and Boston, 1869).
HAZELIUS, Ernest Lewis, clergyman, b. in Neusalz, Silesia, Prussia, 6 Sept., 1777; d. in South Carolina, 20 Feb., 1853. On his father's side he was descended from a long line of Swedish Lutheran ministers, extending back to the time of Gustavus Yasa. His father left his native land, settled in Neusalz, and married a member of the Moravian church, and young Hazel ius was therefore brought up in that faith. He pursued his theological course at Niesky, a Moravian institution, after which he was licensed to preach the gospel. In 1800 he was appointed classical teacher in the Moravian seminary at Nazareth, Pa., and accepted, notwithstanding the opposition of his friends, and the fact that many lucrative posts had been offered him in his native land. He continued here for eight years, during which period he was promoted to the chair of principal professor of theology. Having resolved to sever his connection with the Moravians, he removed to Philadelphia in 1809, and in the latter part of the year took charge of several Lutheran congregations in New Jersey. He was then ordained by the New York ministerium, and resided at New Germantown, where he also conducted a classical academy. In 1815 Hartwick seminary was opened, and Hazelius elected professor of theology and principal of the classical department. By his activity the new institution was established on a solid basis, and soon became widely known. In 1824 he received the degree of D. D. simultaneously from Union and Columbia. He left Hart-
