at Jamaica Plain, and acquired a lucrative practice. At the beginning of the Revolution he entered the army as surgeon, served throughout the war, and at its close removed to Boston, and was distin- fuished in his profession. In 1798 he returned to is former residence at Jamaica Plain. — His son, George, physician, b. in Boston, Mass., 9 March, 1791 ; d. there, 7 Oct., 1863, was graduated at Har- vard in 1809, and took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1812. He then es- tablished himself in Boston, and soon attained eminence in his profession. In 1835-49 he was professor of clinical surgery in the medical school at Harvard. He was president of the Massachu- setts medical society, and a member of the Acade- my of arts and sciences of Boston, and the corpo- ration of Harvard. He spent several years in Europe and acquired a continental reputation as a surgeon. Dr. Hayward translated Bichat's " Gen- eral Anatomy " (Boston, 1822) ; Beckland's " Addi- tions to Bichat's Anatomy " (1823) ; and is the au- thor of " Outlines of Physiology " (Boston, 1834) ; and " Surgical Records " (1855).
HAYWARD, Nathaniel, inventor, b. in Easton,
Mass., 19 Jan., 1808 ; d. in Colchester, Conn., 18
July, 1865. While keeping a livery-stable in Bos-
ton in 1834 he bought some India-rubber cloth for
a carriage-top, and, noticing that it was sticky, be-
gan to make experiments with a view to remedy-
ing the difficulty. He sold his stable in 1835, and
a few months later engaged to work for the Eagle
India-rubber company of Boston, having, as he
thought, succeeded in making firm rubber cloth
from a mixture of rubber, turpentine, lamp-black,
and other materials. In 1836 he tried to bleach
some of the cloth by exposing it to the fumes of
sulphur, and thus discovered the use of that sub-
stance in hardening rubber. He then adopted the
plan of sprinkling his cloth with powdered sulphur
and afterward exposing it to the sun, and in 1838
patented his process and assigned the patent to
Charles Goodyear, thus leading to the latter's dis-
covery of the present vulcanizing process. (See
Goodyear, Charles.) Hayward continued to ex-
periment, and, having learned from Mr. Goodyear
of his discovery in 1839, endeavored to perfect the
vulcanizing process, and succeeded in 1843 in mak-
ing several hundred pounds of the hardened rub-
ber. The right to use Goodyear's patent for the
manufacture of shoes was assigned to him in 1844,
and shortly afterward he discovered a method for
giving them a high polish. He organized the
Hayward rubber company, with Gov. William A.
Buckingham and others, at Colchester, Conn., in
1847, was its active manager till 1854, and its
president from 1855 till his death. Mr. Hayward
was active in works of benevolence and utility.
HAYWOOD, Benjamin, manufacturer, b. in
Southwell, England, in 1792; d. in Pottsville, Pa.,
9 July, 1878. He emigrated to the United States
in 1803, and worked as a journeyman blacksmith
in Pottsville. In 1833 he purchased the first
steam-engine that was put up in Schuylkill county,
and established a machine-shop. He became sen-
ior partner in the firm of Haywood and Snyder in
1835, and engaged on an extensive scale in build-
ing steam-engines and mining-machinery. His
firm constructed the first rolls for •' T " rails, and
the first apparatus for sawing hot iron that was
ever used in the United States. At the same time
he carried on extensive mining operations. He
sold his interests in Pennsylvania in 1850, removed
to California, and built at Sonora the first saw-
mill in the state outside of San Francisco. He
organized in 1852 the San Francisco mechanics' in-
stitute, and was its president till 1855. In the
autumn of this year he sold his California busi-
ness, returned to Pottsville, Pa., and purchased
large interests in the Palo Alto rolling-mill. Mr.
Haywood was one of the commissioners for organ-
izing the Union Pacific railroad.
HAYWOOD, John, jurist, b. in Halifax county,
N. C, in 1753 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., in Decem-
ber, 1826. He was the son of Egbert Haywood, a
Revolutionary officer. The son entered the pro-
fession of law at an early age, was elected attor-
ney-general in 1791, and in 1794 judge of the su-
Serior court, which office he resigned in 1809 to
efend a client, James Glasgow, against the charge
of fraud in issuing land-warrants while secretary
of state. Glasgow was convicted, and Judge Hay-
wood's course in becoming his advocate brought
on him so much odium that he was compelled to
leave the state. He settled in Tennessee in 1810,
took high rank as an advocate, and was judge of
the supreme court from 1812 until his death. He
is the author of " A Manual of the Laws of North
Carolina " (Raleigh, 1801) ; " Haywood's Justice
and North Carolina Law Reports" (1789-1806);
"Tennessee Reports" (Nashville and Knoxville,
1816-'18) ; " Statute Laws of Tennessee," in con-
junction with R. L. Cobbs (Knoxville, 1831);
" Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee "
(1823) ; and '" The Civil and Political History of
Tennessee from its Earliest Settlement to 1796"
(1823). — His nephew, William Henry, senator, b.
in Wake county, N. C, in 1801 ; d. in Raleigh, 6
Oct., 1852, was graduated at the University of
North Carolina in 1819, studied law, and estab-
lished himself in practice in Raleigh. He was a
member of the legislature between 1831 and 1836,
served one term in the house of commons, and was
elected as a Democrat to the U. S. senate, serving
from 1843 till 1846, when he resigned and returned
to practice. Failure of health forced him to re-
tire from active duties several years before his
death. — William Henry's cousin, Edmund Burke,
physician, b. in Raleigh, N. C, 13 June, 1825, was
educated at the University of North Carolina, and
took his medical degree in 1849 at the University
of Pennsylvania. He began practice in Raleigh,
where he now (1887) resides. In 1861 he was ap-
pointed surgeon in the Confederate army in charge
of the hospitals in Raleigh and in Richmond, Va.,
and was acting medical director of the Depart-
ment of North Carolina, and president of the board
to grant discharges from 1863 till the close of the
war, when he returned to practice. He was presi-
dent of the Medical association of North Carolina
in 1868, and from 1871 till 1877, of the State in-
sane asylum. He was a delegate to the Interna-
tional medical congress in Philadelphia in 1876.
He has contributed various professional papers to
surgical and medical journals.
HAZARD, Jonathan J., member of the Continental congress, b. in Rhode Island in 1728; d. in the state of New York in 1812. He took an early stand in favor of liberty in the Revolutionary struggle. In 1776 he appeared in the general assembly as a representative from Charlestown, was elected paymaster of the Continental battalion in 1777, and joined the army in New Jersey. In
1778 he was re-elected a member of the general assembly, constituted one of the council of war, and continued a member of the house most of the time during the Revolution. In 1787 he was elected to congress from Rhode Island, and he was re-elected in 1788. Mr. Hazard was one of the most efficient leaders of the paper-money party in 1786, and their ablest debater in the gen-
