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sometimes injurious lymph. For many years he was chief physician of the Jesus hospital, and by his assistance of the poor soon became popular. During the French intervention and the empire he was forced against his inclination to accept some public offices, but soon resigned, retaining only the honorary title of physician to the em- peror. Notwithstanding, on the return of the re- publican government in 1867 he was persecuted, and emigrated to Paris, where he received, on 23 Dec, 1867, from the minister of public instruction, his title as doctor of medicine for France and its colonies. In 1869 he went to Spain to pass an ex- amination, with a view of establishing himself in that country, but, hearing that the political ani- mosities in Mexico were gradually abating, he re- turned to his country, where he died. He wrote, in both French and Spanish, "Tratado sobre el laringoscopio " (Paris. 1868).

IGLESIAS, José Maria. Mexican statesman, b. in the city of Mexico in 1823. He studied law in the university of his native city, was admitted to the bar in 1844, and appointed professor of ju- risprudence. He be- gan his political ca- reer in 1847 as mem- ber of the municipal council of Mexico, and during the American invasion of that year was ap- pointed member of the supreme military tribunal, following the Army of the East as auditor. Af- ter the peace of Guadalupe - Hidalgo in 1848, the govern- ment made him chief of a section of

the treasury, and in

1850 promoted him to membership in the court of appropriations of the same department. In 1852 he was elected to congress, where he soon became known for eloquence and thorough knowledge of constitutional law. He opposed the nomination of Gen. Lombardini and the recall of Santa-Anna. In 1856, under President Comonfort, Lerdo de Tejada made Iglesias chief clerk of the treasury, and as such he prepared the law forbidding the church to hold landed estate. From January till May, 1857, he was secretary of justice, from May till Septem- ber secretary of the treasury, being elected on 16 Sept., by popular vote, judge of the supreme court. He also served several times in the general administration of taxes and in the custom-house of Mexico. During the French invasion he was a firm supporter of the constitutional government, and when after the fall of Puebla, 17 May, 1863, Juarez with his government abandoned the capital on 31 May, retiring to San Luis Potosi, Iglesias ac- companied him, and was appointed by him in Sep- tember secretary of justice, which post he held un- til the return of the Republican government to Mexico in July, 1867. He accompanied Juarez in all his movements before the advancing French forces, and while in Saltillo held provisionally from January till May, 1864, the portfolio of the treasury. After the return of the Republican au- thorities, Iglesias was elected to congress, from Sep- tember, 1868, till October, 1869, was secretary of the interior, and in that month was called again to take charge of the portfolio of justice. He retired to private life in 1871 to restore his health, but in 1872 accepted the collectorship of customs of the city of Mexico. In July, 1873, he was elected president of the supreme court, and as such, when the president of congress declared Lerdo de Teja- da re-elected, on 26 Sept., he issued the next day a manifesto declaring the election illegal and the constitutional order interrupted, claiming in con- sequence, according to the constitution, the pro- visional presidency. As some of the judges who had declared in his favor were imprisoned by order of Lerdo, Iglesias left Mexico secretly for Guana- juato, where he was recognized as president of the republic by Gov. Antillon, Gen. Garcia de la Ca- dena, and the military commander of Jalisco, Gen. Ceballos, and he issued a manifesto from Sala- manca announcing his assumption of the execu- tive and organized a cabinet. When, after the battle of Tecoac, 16 Nov., Lerdo with his cabinet abandoned the capital, Gen. Diaz began negotia- tions with Iglesias for a peaceful agreement, but, the latter having refused to recognize the " Plan de Tuxtepec," Diaz marched against him. After a fruitless interview of the two chiefs in the estate of Capilla, Iglesias fled to Guadalajara, where he installed his government on 2 Jan., 1877. His forces under Antillon being defeated at Los Adobes, he fled with his cabinet and Gen. Ceballos to Man- zanillo, and on 17 January sailed for the United States. He returned to Mexico in 1878, but has since lived in retirement, devoting himself to lit- erary work. He has been editor-in-chief of vari- ous journals, and has published "Apuntes para la Historia de la guerra entre Mejico y los Estados Unidos " (Mexico, 1852), and " Revistas Historicas sobre la Intervencion Francesa " (1870).

IGLESIAS, Miguel, Peruvian soldier, b. in Cajamarca, 18 Aug., 1822. He studied law and was graduated in the University of San Carlos at Lima, but did not practise at the bar, having to assist his father in the management of his landed property in Cajamarca. Although he was several times president of the department council of Cajamarca, he did not enter into general politics until he was elected deputy to the Federal congress in 1861. From that date till 1876 he was several times elected to the Federal senate, and in 1879, when Chili declared war against Peru and Bolivia, he formed and equipped a battalion at his own expense, and at its head, accompanied by his three sons, he appeared at Lima and offered his services to the government. The president. Gen. Prado, appointed him colonel in the National guard and chief of the battalion which he had raised. When Pierola assumed the direction of the nation on 22 Dec, 1879, after President Prado's flight, he called Iglesias to be secretary of war, and in that capacity the latter did excellent service in putting the nation in a state of defence and forwarding new levies to the seat of war. Col. Iglesias took part with his force in the battle of Los Angeles, 22 March, 1880, and in that of Tacna on 26 May. After the defeat of Tacna he again assumed the portfolio of war, and displayed much activity in preparing the fortifications of the lines of Chorrillos, San Juan, and Miraflores, against the expected Chilian invasion. Shortly afterward, as commander of the lines of Morro-§olar, he offered a heroic resistance to the Chilian forces, but surrendered on 13 Jan., 1881, when his army had been totally surrounded. After the battle of Miraflores, 15 Jan.," the independent congress of notables, who had not submitted to the Chilians, gave him the rank of general, and he continued to resist the invaders in the mountains of his native department, defeating a strong Chilian force at San Pablo in 1882. After the gov-