the county. Several of his communications, treat- ing of the culture and different species of tobacco, and also one containing an account of medicinal plants which he had discovered in Virginia, were published in the " Philosophical Transactions."
CLAYTON, John Middleton, jurist, b. in Dags-
borough, Sussex CO., Del., 24 July, 179(>; d. in Do-
ver, Del., 9 Nov., 185G. He was the eldest son of
James Clayton (a descendant of Joshua of tluit
name, who came to America with William Penn)
and Sarah Middleton, of Virginian ancestry. The
pecuniary disasters consequent upon the war of
1812 reduced his father from affluence to com-
parative poverty, and it was only by making the
greatest sacrifices that he was able to send his son
to college. He was graduated at Yale in 1815,
studied law at the Litchfield law-school, began to
practise in 1818, and soon attained eminence in
his profession. In 1824 he was sent to the Dela-
ware legislature, and was subsequently secretary of
state. In 1829 he was sent to the U. S. senate,
and in 1831 appointed a member of the convention
to revise the constitution of Delaware. In 1835 he
was again returned to the senate as a whig, but re-
signed in 1837 to become chief justice of Dela-
ware, an office which he held for three years. From
1845 till 1849 he was again U. S. senator, and at
the latter date became secretary of state under
President Taylor. He was elected a senator for
the third time, and served in that capacity from
March, 1851, until his death. He early distin-
guished himself in the senate by a speech during
tlie debate on the Foote resolution, wiiich, though
merely relating to the survey of the public lands,
introduced into the discussion the whole question
of nullification. His argument in favor of paying
the claims for French spoliations was also a fine in-
stance of senatorial oratory. One of his most noted
speeches delivered in the senate was that made in
1855 against the message of President Pierce veto-
ing the act ceding public lands for an insane asy-
lum. While secretary of state he negotiated in
1850 the treaty with the British government, known
as the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, which guaranteed
the neutrality and encouragement of lines of in-
teroceanic travel across the American isthmus. In
1851 he zealously defended that treaty in the sen-
ate and vindicated President Taylor's administra-
tion. From 1844 Mr. Clayton cultivated a tract
of land near Newcastle, which in a few years he
made one of the most fruitful estates in that fer-
tile region. Mr. Clayton was always accessible,
and was noted for his genial disposition and brill-
iant conversational powers.
CLAYTON, Joshua, physician, d. near Middle-
town, Del., 11 Aug., 1798. He practised medicine
for many years, and during the revolution intro-
duced a substitute for Peruvian bark, consisting of
cfjual parts of poplar and dogwood root bark and
half the quantity of the inner bark of the white
oak. Dr. Clavton was president of Delaware from
1789 till 1793," then governor till 1796, and just be-
fore his death was chosen U. S. senator.
CLAYTON, Powell, governor of Arkansas, b.
in Bethel, Delaware co.. Pa., 7 Aug., 1833. He
was educated in the common schools and in an
academy at Bristol, Pa., studied civil engineering
at Wilmington, Del., and in 1859 was chosen engi-
neer and surveyor of Leavenworth, Kansas. When
the civil war began he entered the National army
as captain in the 1st Kansas infantry, 29 May. 1861.
He was appointed, 27 Feb., 1862, lieutenant-colo-
nel of the 5th Kansas cavalrv, and was made colo-
nel on 30 March. 1862. On 6 May, 1863, he com-
manded a successful expedition from Helena, Ark.,
to the White river to break up a band of guerillas
and destroy Confederate stores, and later an expe-
dition from Pine Bluff in March, 1864, which in-
flicted severe loss on the enemy. On 1 Aug., 1864,
he was commissioned a brigadier-general. He set-
tled in Arkansas as a planter after the war, was
elected governor, and entered upon the office in
June, 1868. He was U. S. senator from 25 March,
1871, till 3 March, 1877. Afterward he resided at
Eureka Springs, and became president of the Eu-
reka improvement company.
CLAYTON, Thomas, senator, b. in Newcastle,
Del, 9 March, 1778; d. there, 21 Aug., 1854. He
received a liberal education, studied and practised
law at Newcastle, was elected to congress, and
served from 4 Dec, 1814, till 3 March. 1817. He
was for several terms a member of the legislature,
and was elected U. S. senator on the resignation of
C. A. Rodney, serving from 15 Jan., 1824, till 3
March, 1827. Afterward he was chief justice of
common pleas. He was again elected senator
when John M. Clayton resigned, serving from 19
Jan., 1837, till 3 Starch, 1847, and subsequently
presided over the supreme court of Delaware.
CLEARY, James Vincent, Canadian R. C.
bishop, b. in Waterford, Ireland, 18 Sept., 1828 ; d.
in Kingston, 24 Feb.. 1899. At fifteen he was sent
to Rome to be educated for the priesthood, but
subsequently he was recalled by the bishop of Wa-
terford and placed in the Royal college of May-
nooth. After completing a five years' course there,
he was ordained deacon in 1851, and priest in Sep-
tember, 1852, by the bishop of Waterford. Imme-
diately after his ordination he went to Spain and
studied for. several years at the University of Sala-
manca. In 1854 he was summoned home by the
bishop of Waterford to take the chair of dogmatic
theology and scriptural exegesis in St. John's col-
lege, Waterford, and in 1873 was appointed presi-
dent of this college. On 21 Nov., 1880, he was
consecrated bishop of Kingston, Ontario. Bishop
Cleary is reputed to be one of the most learned of
the Roman Catholic ecclesiastics of Canada.
CLEAVELAND, John, clergyman, b. in Canter-
burv, Conn., 22 April, 1722; d. in Ipswich, Mass.,
22 April, 1799. He was expelled from Yale col-
lege in 1745 for attending a Separatist meeting,
but received his degree twenty years after as an
act of redress. He preached to a Separatist society
in Boston, but, declining to settle there, became
pastor of the parish of Chebacco in Ipswich, now
the town of Essex. He was chaplain of Col. Bag-
ley's regiment at Ticonderoga in 1758, and at
Louisburg in 1759, and served in that capacity
with the Revolutionary army at Cambridge in 1775,
and in ConneeticTit and New York the year fol-
lowing. He published a " Narrative of the Work
of God at Chebacco in 1763-'4," describing a re-
vival of religion in his congregation ; an " Essay
to Defend Christ's Sacrifice and Atonement
against the Aspersions cast on the Same by Dr.
j\Iayhcw" (1763); a " Reply to Dr. Mayhew's Let-
ter of Reproof" (1765) ; and a " Treatise on Infant
Baptism" (1784). — His grandson, Parker, b. in
Rowley, Mass., 15 Jan., 1780; d. in Brunswick,
Me., 15 Oct., 1858 (whose father was a physician
of Rowley, a regimental surgeon in the revolution,
and frequently a member of the Massachusetts
legislature), was graduated at Harvard in 1799,
taugiit school at Haverhill, Mass.. and York, Me.,
and studied law. He was appointed a tutor of
mathematics at Harvard in 1803, and in 1805 was
called to Brunswick as the first professor of mathe-
matics and natural philosophy in Bowdoin. He
applied himself especially to the new sciences of
