(aw, and was in successful practice at the beginning of the civil war. He joined the Confederate army as a private, planned the capture of the U. S. arsenal in Arkansas in March, 1801, was made captain, and soon afterward promoted to colonel. In March, 1862, he was made a brigadier-general, and at Shiloh commanded the 2d brigade of the 3d corps, and was commended for valor and ability. He was wounded at the battle of Perryville, and was made a major-general in December, 18G2. He commanded a division of the right wing at Murfreesboro and at Chickamauga, and distinguished himself in command of the rear-guard at Missionary Ridge, in November, 1863, and received the thanks of the Confederate congress for his de- fence of Ringgold Gap. He distinguished himself in numerous engagements. At Jonesboro' he cov- ered the retreat of Hood's defeated army, and com- manded a corps at Franklin, where he was killed after two lines of the National works had been car- ried by the troops under his command. He was a favorite with the Irish brigade, and was called " the Stonewall of the West." He instituted the Order of the Southern Cross, and was among the first to advise the use of colored troops in the armies of the Confederacy.
CLELAND, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Fairfax county, Va., 22 May, 1778 ; d. 31 Jan., 1858. He removed to Marion county, Ky., in 1789. He was an exhorter during the revival of 1801, and, urged
to become a preacher by the presbytery of Transylvania, was licensed, 14 April, 1803, and became pastor of a church in Washington county. In 1813 he was settled over the churches of New Providence and Cane Run, now Harrodsburg. He published a hymn-book for prayer-meetings and revivals, and tracts directed against the Campbellites and New-lights, entitled " Letters on Campbellism," "The Soeini-Arian Detected" (1815), and "Unitarianism Unmasked " (1825).
CLEMENS, Jeremiah, statesman, b. in Huntsville, Ala., 28 Dec., 1814; d. there, 21 May, 1865. He was educated at La Grange college and the University of Alabama, where he was graduated in 1833, studied law at Transylvania, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1838 he was appointed U. S. marshal for the northern district of Alabama, and in 1839, 1840, and 1841 was elected to the state legislature. In 1842 he went to Texas as lieutenant-colonel, having raised a company of volunteer riflemen. On his return, he again served in the legislature in 1843-'4, and in the latter
year as presidential elector. He was appointed major of the 13th U. S. infantry, 3 March, 1847, made lieutenant-colonel of the 9th infantry, 16 July, and discharged 20 July, 1848, He was then
appointed chief of the depot of purchases in Mexico. From 1849 till 1853 he represented Alabama in the U. S. senate, and was again a presidential elector in 1856. He removed to Memphis, Tenn., and became editor of the Memphis “Eagle and Enquirer” in 1859. He was a member of the secession convention in Alabama, but protested against its action; yet he subsequently gave way
to the popular tide, and accepted office under the Confederacy. In 1864, however, he had returned to his former allegiance, advocated the re-election of Mr. Lincoln, and defended his policy. Mr. Clemens attained eminence at the bar while still young, and in the senate took high rank as an able and eloquent debater. He was the author of novels, which passed through several editions, entitled
“Bernard Lyle” (Philadelphia, 1853); “Mustang
Gray” (1857); “The Rivals, a Tale of the Times of
Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton” (1859); and
“Tobias Wilson, a Tale of the Great Rebellion” (1865). He was engaged in the preparation of a history of the war, giving an insight into the character, causes, and conduct of the war in northern Alabama, but it was left unfinished at his death.
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CLEMENS, Samuel Langhorne, author (better known under his pen-name, Mark Twain), b. in Florida, Monroe co., Mo., 30 Nov., 1835. He was educated only in the village school at Hannibal, Mo., was apprenticed to a printer at the age of thirteen, and worked at his trade in St. Louis, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and New York. In 1851 he became a pilot on Mississippi river steamboats, and in 1861 went to Nevada as private secretary to his brother, who had been appointed secretary of the territory. Afterward he undertook mining in Nevada, and became in 1862 city editor of the Virginia City “Enterprise.” In reporting legislative proceedings from Carson he signed his letters “Mark Twain,” a name suggested by the technical phraseology of Mississippi navigation, where, in sounding a depth of two fathoms, the leadsman calls out to “mark twain!” In 1865 he went to San Francisco, and was for five months a reporter on the “Morning Call,” then tried gold-mining in the placers of Calaveras county, and, having no success, returned to San Francisco and resumed newspaper work. He spent six months in the Hawaiian islands in 1866. After his return he delivered humorous lectures in California and Nevada, and then returned to the east and published “The Jumping Frog, and other Sketches” (New York, 1867). The same year he went with a party of tourists to the Mediterranean, Egypt, and Palestine, and on his return published an amusing journal of the excursion, entitled “The Innocents Abroad” (Hartford, 1869), of which 125,000 copies were sold in three years. He next edited the Buffalo, N. Y., “Express.” After his marriage he settled in Hartford, Conn. He delivered witty lectures in various cities, contributed sketches to the “Galaxy” and other magazines, and in 1872 went to England on a lecturing trip. While he was there, a London publisher issued an unauthorized collection of his writings in four volumes, in which were included papers attributed to him that he never wrote. The same year appeared in Hartford, Conn., “Roughing It,” containing sketches of Nevada, Utah, California, and the Sandwich islands; and in 1873, in conjunction with Charles Dudley Warner, a story entitled “The Gilded Age,” which was dramatized and produced in New York in 1874. This comedy, with John T. Raymond in the leading part, Col. Mulberry Sellers, had an extraordinary success. Mr. Clemens subsequently published “Sketches, Old and New”; “Adventures of Tom Sawyer,” a story of boy-life in Missouri (1876); “Punch, Brothers, Punch” (1878); “A Tramp Abroad” (Hartford, 1880); “The Stolen White Elephant” (Boston, 1882); “The Prince and the
