ENDRESS, Christian, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 March, 1775 ; d. in Lancaster, Pa., 30 Sept., 1827. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1790, and began to study theology. He was tutor in the university from 1792 till 1795, when he was elected principal of the Congregational school of Zion and St. Michael. He resigned in 1801, accepted a pastorate at Easton, Pa., was ordained at Reading in 1802, and afterward held pastorates at various places in Pennsylvania. On the death of Henry E. Michlenberg in 1815, he was chosen to succeed him as pastor of the Lutheran congregation in Lancaster. Here he conducted services in English, and in consequence the Germans withdrew from his congregation. The University of Pennsylvania gave him the degi'ee of D. D. in 1819. Dr. Endress was a contributor to the "Lutheran Intelligencer," and after his death several of his sermons were published in the "Lutheran Preacher." He published, in the German language, "The Kingdom of Christ not Susceptible of Union with Temporal Monarchy and Aristocracy" (1791), and left in manuscript a "Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans."
ENGELHARD, Joseph Adolphus, soldier, b.
in Monticello, Miss., 27 Sept., 1882 ; d. in Raleigh,
N. C, 17 Feb., 1879. After attending schools'in
Mississippi and New Albany, Lid., he was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1854. He studied law at Harvard, and subsequently at Chapel Hill, and was licensed to practise in the
county courts in 1856. He then removed to Tarboro, where he remained until the beginning of the war. He entered the Confederate army as captain and quartermaster of the 33d regiment in
May, 1861, and in April, 1862, was promoted to be
major and quartermaster of Branch's brigade. In December of that year he was transferred to Gen. Pender's brigade as its adjutant-general, and served in this capacity till Lee's surrender. He became the editor of the Wilmington "Journal" in 1865,
and was afterward elected secretary of state, which
office he held till his death.
ENGELHARDT, Francis Ernest, chemist, b.
in Gieboldehausen, Hanover, 23 June, 1835. He was
educated at the gymnasium in Duderstadt and
Hildesheim, and in the University of Göttingen. In
1856 he became assistant to Prof. Frederick Wöhler
in the chemical laboratories in Göttingen, where he
remained until he came to the United States in 1857.
He was assistant in chemistry to Prof. William S.
Clark at Amherst in 1857-'8, and to Prof. Charles
A. Joy at Columbia in 1860. From 1861 till 1866
he was professor of chemistry in the College of St.
Francis Xavier in New York city, and from 1869
till 1886 chemist to the Onondaga, salt reservation
and the salt companies of Onondaga. In 1886 he
became chemist to the Genesee salt company, and
is one of the experts for the State board of health,
having special charge of the examination of all
wines, beers, and liquors. In 1864 he received the
degree of Ph. D. from St. Francis Xavier. His
contributions to chemical literature have been
large, but are mostly in the form of technical
reports bearing on his special work.
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ENGELMANN, George, botanist, b. in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 2 Feb., 1809; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 11 Feb., 1884. His uncle, Friedrich Theodor, a German pioneer of Illinois, was one of the early American viticulturists. He received his early education at the gymnasium in Frankfort, and studied the sciences in the University of Heidelberg, where he met Karl Schimper and Alexander Braun. Later he was connected with the University of Berlin, and received in 1831 the degree of M. D. from the University of Wurzburg. In 1832 he went to Paris, where he again became associated with Braun, and also with Louis Agassiz. Meanwhile he was induced to come to the United States, and in September, 1832, sailed from Bremen for Baltimore. He settled in St. Clair county, near Belleville, Ill., but three years later removed to St. Louis, where he soon became prominent as a physician. In 1836 he founded a German newspaper called “Das Westland,” which contained valuable articles on life and manners in the United States, and gained a high reputation both here and in Europe. Dr. Engelmann made a specialty of botany, and obtained a wide recognition for his services in that branch of natural history. He made special studies of the cacti, dodders, pines, rushes, spurges, and other little-known and difficult groups, contributing numerous articles on them to the St. Louis academy of sciences, to the American academy of arts and sciences, and to government reports. His opinion became so valuable that much of the material in his specialties collected by the National government was sent to him for examination. He was one of the earliest to study the North American vines, and nearly all that is known scientifically of the American species and forms is due to his investigations. His first monograph on “The Grape-Vines of Missouri” was published in 1860, and his latest on this subject shortly before his death. A monotypical genus of plants bears his name, and a splendid species of spruce from the Rocky mountains is called Engelmann. He was a member of scientific societies both in the United States and in Europe, and was one of the original members of the National academy of sciences. A list of his botanical papers, containing about 100 titles, is published in Coulter's “Botanical Gazette” for May, 1884, and his writings are now (1887) being collected under the direction of Prof. Asa Gray for publication by Henry Shaw of St. Louis. Dr. Engelmann's botanical collection, valuable as containing the original specimens from which many or most of our western plants have been named and described, will be given to Shaw's botanical garden as soon as a fireproof building can be erected. This gift has led to the founding of the Shaw school of botany as a department of Washington university, St. Louis, where an Engelmann professorship of botany has been established by Mr. Shaw in his honor. — His son, George Julius, physician, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 2 July, 1847, was graduated with the valedictory at Washington university in 1867, then studied at the universities of Tübingen, Vienna, Paris, and received his medical degree at Berlin in 1871. During the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-'1 he served as assistant surgeon in the German army, and subsequently returned to St. Louis, where he settled in the practice of medicine. In 1883 he turned his attention to gynecology, and has since occupied himself exclusively in efforts to introduce more rational, effective, and safe methods of prac-
