after 1617. He was educated by a learned priest, who was his father's chaplain. He became inter- ested in the history of his country at an early age, collecting all the traditions he could gather from the Indians, making journeys through every part of Peru, and transcribing the oldest songs and hymns of the country. His mother assisted him in his researches, and furnished whatever details she was acquainted with concerning her unfortunate family. A short time after the death of his father he em- barked at Callao for Spain, 21 Jan., 1500. He served with credit, under Juan de Austria, in the war against the Moors in Granada, and, after wasting the best years of his life in military service, found himself poor and needy. In 1584 he translated the " Dialogues on Love " of Leon Abi'avanel. and at the same time employed himself in writing the " History of Florida," which he published in Lisbon. In 1600 lie began the first part of the " Comentarios Reales " (Lisbon, 1609), and in 1612 concluded the second part (Cordova, 1617), which forms a general history of Peru. His works have been translated into German. French, and English. As a Peruvian historian, he had unusual facilities for acquiring accurate information. Many of the conquerors were in the habit of meeting in his father's house in Cuzco and recounting their val- iant deeds, and he knew intimately Gonzalo Pizarro, brother of the conqueror. He often exhibits such an ardent patriotism and love of liberty that it ap- pears strange his works should have been allowed to be published in any part of the Spanish empire during the reign of Philip II. He protests against the destruction of ancient buildings and records, and, although he hints that he has been compelled to restrain himself in his exposition of Spanish cruelty in the expression " No todo se dice " (all is not told), his history of the ancient Peruvians is the most thorough as well as the most correct that we have. He published " La traduccion del Indio <le los tres Dialogos de Amor de Leon Abravanel, por Garcilaso Inca de la Vega, dirijidos a la sacra €at61ica Real Magestad, Don Felipe 11° " (Madrid, 1590) ; "La Florida del Inca, Historia del Adelan- tado Hernando de Soto, y de otros heroicos Cabal- leros espanoles e indios " (Lisbon, 1605 ; Madrid, 1723 and 1804). The "History of Florida" was translated into French by Richelet (Paris, 1670; reprinted in 1707, with a preface by the Abbe Lenglet-Dufresnoy). It was translated into Ger- man by H. L. Meier (Zelle, 1753). " Primera Parte de los Comentarios Reales, que tratan del origen de los Incas, Reyes que fueron del Peru," etc. (Lis- bon, 1609) ; translated into French by Dabilard (Paris, 1744). The German translation by G. C. Bottger (Nordhausen, 1787) is not complete. The second part, entitled " Historia General del Peru," appeared at Cordova in 1617, and numerous edi- tions have since been published in Lisbon and Madrid. An English translation by Sir Paul Ricaut, knight, was published in London in 1688. It was translated into French by Baudoin (Paris, 1633, 1650, 1658). An Amsterdam edition of this translation (1737) is very much sought after on ac- count of its engravings by Bern.
GARDEN, Alexander, clergyman, b. in Scotland about 1685 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 27 Sept., 1756. lie was educated in his native country, and became a clergyman of the church of England. He came to America in 1719, and shortly afterward was elected rector of St. Philip's parish in Charleston, S. C, and subsequently he was commissary
under the bishop of London. Mr. Garden began the so-called " animal meetings of the clergy " which was then necessitated by the rapid increase of the Episcopal church in the province. The clergy were first convened on 20 Oct., 1731, when they exhibited to the commissary their letters of orders and license to perform the ministerial func-
tions in the province. Mr. Garden resigned his office in 1748, but the clerical convocations continued. In 1735 he was compelled to take a respite from his labors, and visited the northern provinces. The assembly in 1736 made an appropriation for the support of an. assistant to Mr.
Ga^-den, and the Rev. William Orr was elected. In 1740 he began a controversial correspondence with Rev. George Whitefield, which attracted much attention. Sir. Garden was interested in the instruction of the colored people. In 1743 he solicited aid from the Society for propagating the gospel, in behalf of the negro school in Charleston, which
then consisted of thirty children. A large contribution of Bibles, prayer-books, and text-books was at once made, and in 1750 Mr. Garden gave to the society a favorable report of the progress of the school. In 1754 he resigned the rectorship of St. Philip's, and was presented by his vestry with a valuable set of plate. Shortly after this Mr.
Garden embarked for England, where he intended to remain, but subsequently returned to Charleston and died there. He published " Six Letters to the Rev. Geo. Whitefield," the first, second, and third of which were on the subject of " Justification " (1740), and "Two Sermons" (1742).
— His son, Alexander, naturalist, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, about 1730 ; d. in London. England, 15 April, 1791, was graduated at the University of Aberdeen in 1748, and, after studying medicine, settled as a practitioner in Charleston, S. C., in 1752. He subsequently rose to eminence as a physician and botanist, and acquired wealth during his residence there. In 1754 he went to New York, where a professorship in the newly organized King's college (now Columbia) was offered him. On his return he settled in Charleston. Dr.
Garden adhered to the royal cause in tlie Revolu-
tion. He was a congratulator of Cornwallison his
success at Camden in 1780, and went to England
in 1783. His property was confiscated, but was
afterward given to his son by the state of South
Carolina. He had been elected a fellow of the
Royal society of London, and on his arrival there
in 1783 was appointed one of its council, and sub-
sequently was one of its vice-presidents. He was
eminent as a botanist and zoologist, and in 1755
began a correspondence with Linnaeus, to whom
he furnished information on the natural history of
South Carolina, and who named the genus " Gar-
denia " in honor of him. He introduced into
medical use the pink-root as a vermifuge, and pub-
lished an account of its properties, together with a
botanical description (1764). He also published ac-
counts of the Helesia ; of the male and female
cochineal insects; of the mud iguana, or siren of
South Carolina, an amphibious animal ; of two new
species of tortoises ; and of the Gymnotus electri-
cus. To extend his knowledge of natural history,
he accompanied Gov. Glen into the Indian coun-
try, and discovered an earth which was deemed in
England equal to the finest porcelain. The knowl-
edge of the spot has been lost. — Dr. Garden's son,
Alexander, soldier, b. in Charleston, S. C, 4 Dec,
1757 ; d. there. 29 Feb., 1829, was educated at West-
minster and the University of Glasgow, and trav-
elled on the continent of Europe. He returned to
South Carolina in July, 1780, and joined the Revo-
lutionary army. He was at one time aide-de-camp
to Gen. Greene, and a lieutenant in Lee's legion in
February, 1782. His father's confiscated property
