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was given him after the war. He published " An- ecdotes of the Revohitionary War, with Slvetches of Character of Persons most Distinguished in the Southern States for Civil and Military Services," containing much original information (Charles- ton, 1822 ; new eds., 1828 and 1865).

GARDINER, Addison, jurist, b. in Rindge, N. H., 19 March, 1797; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 5 June, 1883. He was taken to Manlius, N. Y., in his early years, and received his education there. After studying law, he removed, in 1822, to Rochester, and was the first justice of the peace. He was appointed district attorney for Monroe county in 1825, and was afterward judge for the eighth cir- cuit, comprising eight counties in western New York, but resigned in 1888, and resumed his prac- tice in Rochester. In 1844 and 1846 he was lieu- tenant-governor of New York, but resigned his office in the latter year, having been elected a judge of the court of appeals. He served until 1855, de- clining a renomination. An appeal from his de- cisions, or a reversal of judgment, rarely occurred.

GARDINER, James Terry, civil engineer, b. in Troy, N. Y., 6 May, 1842. He was educated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute and at the Sheffield scientific school, after which he became sub-assistant engineer on the Brooklyn water- works. In 1861-2 he was inspector in the U. S. ordnance corps, and was engaged in 1863-'4 in the construc- tion of earthworks around the harbor of San Fran- cisco. During the three following years he was topographical assistant on the geological survey of California, and at this time he made a topograph- ical survey of Yosemite valley and laid out the limits of the reservation. Subsequently he was associated with Clarence King in the U. S. geo- logical survey of the 40th parallel, and was chief of the geographical and topographical departments until the completion of the work. In 1872 he was appointed U. S. geographer in charge of such work on the U. S. geological survey of the territo- ries, under Ferdinand V. Hayden, and conducted the field-work of the surveys until 1875. From 1876 till 1886 he was director of the state survey of New York, and from 1880 till 1886 a member of the New York state board of health. He then be- came consulting engineer to the state board of health, and he also holds the office of consulting engineer in all mining matters, especially concern- ing coal, to the Atchison. Topeka, and Santa Pe, the Mexican Central, the Atlantic and Pacific, and the Mexican National railroads. Mr. Gardiner is a member of scientific societies, and was secretary in 1876 of the American geographical society. His publications are principally reports of his work, which have appeared as public documents.

GARDINER, Lion', military engineer, b. in England in 1599 ; d. in Easthampton, N. Y., in 1668. He was an officer of the English army, and served in the Netherlands. While thus employed he was persuaded by Hugh Peters, and other Eng- lishmen then residing in that country, to enter the service of a company of lords and gentlemen, the proprietors of a tract of land lying at the mouth of the C'Onnecticut river. He was to serve for four years, and to be employed in drawing plans for a city, towns, and forts in that locality, and to have 300 able-bodied men under his control. On his ar- rival in Boston on 28 Nov., 1685, the authorities requested him to draft designs for a fort. This he did, and a committee was appointed to supervise the erection of the work, each citizen being com- pelled to conti'ibute two days' labor. Gardiner then sailed for his destination and proceeded to build a fort, which he named Saybrook, after Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brook. Here he remained for four years during the exciting period of the Pequot war. In 1689 he purchased from its Indian owners an island called by them Manchonat, which he renamed the Isle of Wight, but which has since been known as Gardiner's Island. This was the first English settlement within the present boun- daries of New York state. While at Saybrook a son was born to him, 29 April, 1686, which was the first white child born in Connecticut. His daughter, Elizabeth, born in the " Isle of Wight," was said to be the first white child born in New York. The original grant by which Gardiner acquired proprietary rights in the island made it a sepa- rate and independent " plantation," in no way connected either with New England or New York. He was empowered to draft laws for church and state, observing the forms, so ran the instrument, " agreable to God, to the king and to the practices of the country." Several other patents were sub- sequently issued, the last by Gov. Dongan, erecting the island inlo a lordship and manor to be called " Gardiner's Island," giving Gardiner full powers to hold " court leet and court baron, distrain for rents, exercise the rights of advowson," etc. The island is now a part of the township of Easthamp- ton, SuiJolk CO., N. Y., and is nine miles long and a mile and a half wide, containing about 3,300 acres. Lion Gardiner was a man of sterling qualities,

and acquired the esteem of all with whom he came in contact. In the autumn of 1886 a recumbent effigy was erected to his memory, and his sup- posed grave was opened. In it a skeleton was found intact. It was that of a man over six feet in height, with a broad forehead and strong jaws. The island was entailed on the first male heirs of the Gardiner family, and was never to be alienated. These conditions were observed up to the close of the last century, David Johnson, the eighth lord of the manor, who died in 1829, being the last to receive the property by entail. His brother, John Griswold, succeeded as ninth lord, but died, unmarried and intestate, in 1861. The third broth- er, Samuel Buel, having purchased the interest of his sister, Mrs. Sarah Diodati Thompson, be- came the tenth proprietor. At his death, in 1882, the island was left to his eldest son, David John- son, as eleventh lord of the manor ; but it is now (1898) owned by the latter's brother, John Lyon. This is the only illustration of the practical work- ing of the law of primogeniture in this country, covering so long a period. The manor-house, built in 1774, is shown in the accompanying illustration. During the life of John, the third owner, the island was visited by Capt. Kidd, who deposited goods and treasure there, which were secured by Gov. Bello- mont after Kidd's death. (See Kidd, Wilijam.) During the early part of tlie last century the island was frequently visited and pillaged by privateers- men, sm]igglers, and free-booters, and suffered greatly from their depredations. The British fleet