pole," in which the author shows that Guiana needed a separate legislature (1834) ; " La Guiane examinee au point de vue de colonie de deporta- tion " (1826) ; " De Tinfiuence de la revolution franyaise dans la Guiane franyaise " (1829) ; " His- toire du gouvernement de Victor Hugues a Ca- yenne, de 1800 a 1811 " (2 vols., 1830).
MARCH, Alden, surgeon, b. in Sutton, Wor-
cester CO., Mass., 20 Sept., 1795; d. in Albany,
N. Y., 17 June, 1869. His early life was passed on
a farm, and he received his education in the pub-
lic schools, in which he afterward taught for a
short time. He subsequently attended medical
lectures in Boston and at Brown, where he was
graduated in medicine in 1820. He then settled
in Albany, N. Y., was professor in the Vermont
academy of medicine in 1825-31, in Albany med-
ical seminary in 1827-'33, in Albany medical
school in 1833-4, and in 1834 established a school
of practical anatomy. The three last-named insti-
tutions were the forerunners of Albany medical
college, of which he was a founder and its pro-
fessor of surgery from 1839 until his death. He
was also a founder of the Albany city hospital, to
which he bequeathed $1,000, and he left a similar
sum, with his pathological museum, to Albany
medical college. He was president of the New
York state medical society in 1857, was a founder,
and in 1864 president, of the American medical
association, and an honorary member of the chief
medical societies in the United States. Williams
gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1868. Dr. March
was a bold and skilful operator, and originated,
among other important surgical appliances, an im-
proved splint for use in hip-disease (1853) ; im-
proved hare-lip forceps (1855) ; instruments for the
removal of dead bone (1860) ; and a new instru-
ment for removing iirinary calculi (1867). His
numerous essays on medical subjects are of perma-
nent value to the profession. He also published
" Wounds of the Abdomen and Larynx " (Phila-
delphia, 1854), and " Improved Forceps for Hare-
Lip Operations " (1855).
MARCH, Charles Wainwrisrht, author, b. in
Portsmouth, N. H., 15 Dec, 1815; d. in Alexan-
dria, Egypt, 24 Jan., 1864. He was graduated at
Harvard in 1837, studied law, and practised in
Portsmouth, N. H. He served for some time in
the legislature, but, removing to New York city,
he became an editorial writer on the " Tribune "
and the " Times," and was a correspondent of the
" Boston Courier " under the pen-name of " Pe-
quot." His later years were passed in Egypt. Mr.
March was a brilliant essayist. His publications
include " Daniel Webster and his Contemporaries "
(New York, 1850), and " Sketches in Madeira, Por-
tugal, and Spain " (1856).
MARCH, Daniel, clergyman, b. in Millbury,
Mass., 21 July, 1816. He was graduated at Yale
in 1840, studied theology, and was ordained in
1845, and since that date has had charge of Pres-
byterian and Congregational churches. The Uni-
versity of western Pennsylvania gave him the de-
gree of S. T. D. in 1864. His publications include
" Walks and Homes of Jesus " (Philadelphia,
1866) ; " Night Scenes in the Bible " (1868) ; " Our
Father's House " (1870) ; " From Dark to Dawn "
(1873) ; and '• Home Life in the Bible " (1875).
MARCH, Francis Andrew, author, b. in Mill-
bury, Mass., 25 Oct., 1825. He was graduated at
Amherst in 1845, and. after serving as a tutor there
in 1847-'9. studied law in New York, and was ad-
mitted to the bar. After teaching in Fredericks-
burg, Va., in 1852-'5, he became tutor in Lafayette
college, where he was made adjunct professor in
, professor of the English language and comparative philology in 1857, and in 1877 lecturer in
the law department. He received the degree of
LL. D. from Princeton in 1870, and from Amherst
in 1871, and that of L. H. D. from Columbia in
1887. In 1873 he was elected president of the
American philological association, and in 1876 he
became president of the Spelling reform associa-
tion. He is an honorary member of the London
philological society, a member of the American
philosophical society, and a vice-president of the
London new Shakespeare society. He has con-
tributed articles on philology to the "Transac-
tions " of that body, to the National educational as-
sociation, the United States bureau of education, to
the "Jahrbuch fiir romanische und englische Litera-
tur " in Berlin, and articles on jurisprudence and
psychology, including discussion of Sir William
Hamilton's theory of perception and his philoso-
phy of the conditioned to the " Princeton Review "
(I860 ; reprinted in London, 1861). His other pub-
lications include " A Method of Philological Study
of the English Language" (New York, 1865);
"Parser and Analyzer for Beginners" (1869);
" Anglo-Saxon Grammar " (1870) ; and " Introduc-
tion to Anglo-Saxon" (1871). He has edited a
series of college text-books of the Greek and Latin
Christian authors, including " Latin Hymns "
(1874); "Eusebius" (1874); "TertuUian" (1875);
" Athenagoras " (1876); "Justin Martyr" (1877);
and has "superintended the work of the American
readers for the historical dictionary of English,
now publishing for the University of Oxford for
the philological so/;iety (1879 et seq.) have appeared.
MARCHAIS, Etienne Renaud, Chevalier des
(mar-shay), French navigator, b. in Sevres in 1683 ;
d. in Versailles in 1728. He entered the navy as a
midshipman when he was fifteen years old, and be-
came a lieutenant in 1704, but resigned to enter
the service of the Company of the Indies. For
several years he made voyages from Cayenne to the
coast of Guinea in Africa to procure negro slaves
for that French possession. In 1724 he became
representative of the company in Cayenne, and re-
sided there for several years, returning to France
only a few months before his death. He left a
narrative of his travels, which was published after-
ward by Labat {q. v.), and later in the " Collection
generale des voyages," under the title of " Voyages
faits par le Chevalier Renaud des Marchais en Gui-
nee, aux iles voisines et a File de Cayenne, durant
les annees 1724, 1725, 1726, contenant une descrip-
tion tres exacte des pays parcourus, et suivis de
renseignements precis sur le commerce qui s'y
fait " (4 vols., Paris, 1730 ; Amsterdam, 1731). He
also wrote " Relation du voyage fait a la cote de
Guinee et aux iles des Antilles et Cayenne par le
Chevalier Renaud des Marchais en' 1704, suivie
d'une description des moeurs des habitants de ces
pays" (2 vols., Paris, 1730; Amsterdam, 1731).
MARCHAL, Nicolas (mar-shall'), Dutch traveller, b. in Groningen in 1731 ; d. in Amsterdam in 1802. He entered the Dutch colonial service, and resided many years in Java and Sumatra. In 1783 he became lieutenant-governor of Dutch
Guiana, and afterward was sent on missions to the West Indies and South America to ascertain how the Dutch government might peacefully recover its former possessions there. He ascertained everywhere that the descendants of the Dutch colonists were satisfied with their present condition and entertained no desire to return to Dutch do-
minion. The French revolution and the troubles that ensued in the West Indies put a stop to the travels of Marchal, but he nevertheless assisted the
