Prench in many ways in their strife against the English, and carried to Victor Hugues {q. v.) in Guadeloupe, in 1794, re-enforcements and supplies, which enabled him to drive out his enemies. He afterward entered the service of the French repub- lic, and held various commands in the West Indian colonies. He was sent in 1797 to Louisiana as agent of the French to study public opinion, and having reported that the people were willing to re- tui'n to French rule provided slavery were main- tained in their territory, the government began ne- gotiations for the retrocession of that colony, which took place in 1800. Having become almost blind in 1799, Marchal returned home, where he died a few years later. His notes and manuscripts were published afterward, but, owing to subsequent -events in Europe, they were scarcely noticed. His works include " Rapport au directoire de la re- publique Fran5aise sur I'opinion publique en Louisiane" (Paris, 1798); "Peregrinations d'un touriste a travers les principales Antilles " (2 vols., 1804) ; and " Histoire des colonies Hollandaises dans l'Amerique" (3 vols., Amsterdam, 1807).
MARCHAND, Etienne (raar-shan), West In-
dian navigator, b. in the island of Granada, 13
July, 1755; d. in Mauritius, 15 May, 1793. He
was a merchant, trading with both Americas, and
in 1788 resolved on a voyage around the world for
commercial purposes. Sailing from Marseilles on
14 Dec, 1790, on the ship " Le Solide," he sighted
Staten island on 1 April, passed it, and sailed for
twenty days around Tierra del Fuego, making sur-
veys and soundings along the coasts. He arrived
on 20 June at the Marquesas, and, after visiting
other islands of Polynesia, he returned to the coast
of America. He afterward visited the northern
coast of China and Siberia, and returned to Europe
in 1792. Charles Fleurien (q. v.) has published a
narrative of Marchand's voyage, with the marine
charts that were prepared by that navigator (Paris,
1798). The narrative contains some new and in-
teresting information about the northwest coast of
North America. Marchand's astronomical obser-
vations in Berkley sound and along the coasts of
Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia are among the
most complete ever made in those regions.
MARCHAND, Felix Gabriel, Canadian author,
h. in St. John's, Lower Canada, 9 Jan., 1832. He
was educated at St. Hyacinthe college, studied law,
and was admitted as a notary in 1855. He was
appointed lieutenant-colonel in the Richelieu light
infantry in 1866, was in active service during va-
rious Fenian raids, and was sent to re-enforce
Lieut.-Col. Osborne Smith at the time of that at
Eccles Hill in 1870. He retired from active ser-
vice in 1880, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
He was first elected to the legislative assembly of
the province of Quebec in 1867 for the county of
St. John's, and has been rechosen at every suc-
cessive election. He became a member of the ex-
ecutive council, and provincial secretary on 8
March, 1878, which portfolio he retained till he
was appointed commissioner of crown lands on 19
March, 1879. He resigned this office on 30 Oct.,
1879, and was elected speaker of the legislative as-
sembly, 29 Jan., 1887. Mr. Marehand aided in
establishing the St. John's manufacturing com-
pany, the St. John's woollen factory, the St. John's
building society, and the Banque de St. Jean. He
founded, in 1860, and was for several years editor
and proprietor of, " Le Franco-Canadien " news-
paper at St. John's, was chief editor of the Liberal
daily " Le Temps," of Montreal, and has contrib-
uted to many of the French Canadian newspapers.
He received from the French government the dec-
oration of an officer of public instruction in 1879,
has been appointed a member of the Royal society
of Canada, section of French literature, and was
elected president of that section in May, 1884.
Mr. Marehand has written much for the stage.
Among other works he is the author of the prose
comedies " Fatenville " and " Erreur n'est pas
compte " ; the comedies in verse " Un bonheur en
attire iin autre " and " Les faux brilliants " ; and
" Le lauriat de I'universite," a comic opera.
MARCHAND, John Bonnett, naval officer, b.
in Greensborough, Pa., 27 Aug., 1808; d. in Car-
lisle, Pa., 13 April, 1875. He entered the U. S.
navy in 1828 as midshipman, and was promoted
lieutenant in 1840, commander in 1855, captain in
1862, and commodore in 1866. He commanded
the steamer " Van Buren " in the operations against
the Seminole Indians in 1841-'2, participated in
the bombardment of Vera Cruz and the capture
of Tuspan in 1847, and had charge of the steam-
er " Memphis " in the Paraguay expedition of
1859-'60. During the civil war he commanded the
steamer " James Adger '* in the South Atlantic
blockading squadron in 1862, participated in the
capture of Fernandini, and was slightly wounded
while reconnoitring in Stone river in March of
that year. He had charge of the sloop " Lacka-
wanna," of the Eastern Gulf squadron, in 1863-'4,
and participated in the battle of Mobile Bay, 5
Aug., 1864, during which he twice rammed the
iron-clad " Tennessee." In August, 1870, he was
retired from active service.
MARCHANT, Dalton Edward, artist, b. in
Edgartown, Mass , 16 Dec, 1806 : d. in Asburv Park,
N. J., 15 Aug., 1887. He first exhibited in 1829, at
the National academy of design. He went to the
west about 1843, followed his profession with suc-
cess in several cities, and resided chiefiy in Nash-
ville, Tenn. He settled in Philadelphia in 1845,
and painted many portraits. Among them are that
of John Quincy Adams, from which the portrait in
the first volume of this work is engraved, Henry
Clay, Andrew Jackson, Bishop Meade, and that of
President Lincoln, now in the council-chamber of
Independence hall, Philadelphia. Many of his other
works are in the building of the Union league
club of that citv, of which he was a member.
MARCHANT, Henry, member of the Conti-
nental congress, b. in Martha's Vineyard, Mass.,
in April, 1741 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 30 Aug., 1796.
He was graduated at Philadelphia college in 1762,
studied law under Edmund Trowbridge in Cam-
bridge, Mass.. and settled in Newport, R. I. He
was attorney-general of that state in 1770-'7, and
a member of the assembly. He was an ardent pa-
triot, and foremost in the pre- Revolutionary move-
ments, serving as chairman of the committee to
prepare instruction to the delegates in congress.
He was a member of that body in 1777-'80 and
1783-'4, and afterward of the state convention
that adopted the U. S. constitution. From 1790
until the time of his death he was judge of the
U. S. district court of Rhode Island. Yale gave
him the degree of LL. D. in 1792.
MARCOU, Jules (mar-koe), geologist, b. in
Salins, France, 20 April, 1824; d. in Cambridge,
Mass., 24 April, 1898. He studied at the college of
Besançon, after which failing health led to his making
excursions into Switzerland, where he acquired
a fondness for natural science. In 1845 he became
associated with Jules Thurmann in his work on the
geology of the Jura mountains, and while engaged
in this undertaking met Louis Agassiz. He was
appointed assistant in the mineralogical department
of the Sorbonne in 1846, and also classified
