researches into the statute law suggested to him the idea of collecting material for a " History of North Carolina," which was published chiefly in the form of annals (New Orleans, 1829). In 1806-'7 he was a member of the legislature. After twenty years of successful practice as a lawyer in North Carolina he was appointed by President Madison in 1809 U. S. judge for the territory of Mississippi, and a year later was transferred to the bench of the territory of Orleans. The defects of the civil code of 1808, and the confusion resulting from engrafting on the French system of jurisprudence certain principles of the common law, made the post of judge a difficult one, and Judge Martin, by reconciling the conflicting elements, acquired the title of the father of the jurisprudence of Louisiana. On the organization of the state gov- ernment of Louisiana he became attorney-general in February, 1813, and in January, 1815, he was appointed a" judge of the supreme court. He be- came chief justice in 1837, and in 1845 retired from the bench. During the last years of his life he was nearly blind. Judge Martin devoted himself en- tirely to study, held aloof from society, and pre- serv^ed the habits of extreme parsimony that he had acquired in his days of poverty. Though he made no friends, he was universally respected for his uprightness and for his devotion to the duties of his office. His holographic will, devising his large estate to his brother, was contested by the state, which sought to show that the devisee was under a pledge to distribute the property among French heirs, and thus recover the administration duties on property willed to foreigners, or to prove that, being blind, he could not have written the will, but the suit failed. He received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Nashville, and in 1841 from Harvard. He published, in addition to the works previously mentioned, " Reports of the Superior Court of Orleans from 1809 to 1812 " (New Orleans, 1811-'13) ; "General Digest of the Terri- torial and State Laws of Louisiana," published in both French and English (1816) ; and '• Reports of the Supreme Court of Louisiana from 1813 to 1830," in two series (1816-'23 and 1824-'30). He was also the author of a " History of Louisiana from its Settlement to the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 " (2 vols., 1827).
MARTIN, George, jurist, b. in Middlebury,
Vt., 30 June, 1815 ; d. in Detroit, Mich., 15 Dec,
1867. He was graduated at Middlebury college
in 1833, studied law, and established himself in
practice at Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1836. He ac-
quired a high reputation as a lawyer, and in 1851
was appointed a justice of the state supreme court,
and in the following year elected for the term of
six years. His services were especially acceptable
as a circuit judge, circuit duty being at that time
a part of the functions of the justices of the su-
preme court. In 1857 he was elected chief justice
for two yeai's. In 1859 he was elected a justice of
the court for a term of eight years, and the law
having been changed so that the judge holding the
shortest term became chief, for the last two years
of his term he was again chief justice.
MARTIN, Henry Austin, physician, b. in
London. England, 23 July, 1824; "d. in Boston,
Mass., 7 Dec, 1884. He came to this country at
an early age, was graduated at Harvard medical
school in 1845, and practised in Boston. At the
beginning of the civil war he was appointed staff-
surgeon, and rose to be surgeon-in-chief of the 2d
corps. Army of the Potomac, which post he held
till near the close of the war. On his resignation
he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for
" gallant and meritorious services." Afterward he
paid particular attention to surgery, and gained
great repute in the treatment of diseases of the
rectum. He early made a thorough study of small-
pox and vaccination, and in 1870 first introduced
into this country the practice of true animal vacci-
nation, and it was largely owing to his writings
and labors that the method was so soon and so uni-
versally adopted. He was an authority on the
subject in this country. In 1877, as chairman of
the committee on animal vaccination of the Ameri-
can medical association, he made a full report on
that subject, which appeared in the published vol-
umes of the "Transactions," and was widely quoted
from and reviewed here and abroad. In 1877 he in-
troduced to the profession the treatment of ulcers of
the leg, and many other kindred troubles, by the use
of the pure rubber bandage that he had invented.
The Martin bandage has been generally adopted, and
has given its inventor a wide reputation in this coun-
try and abroad. In 1878 Dr. Martin announced to
the profession his operation of tracheotomy without
tubes, which he many times successfully performed.
In 1881 he attended the International medical con-
gress at London, and delivered a paper on treat-
ment of synovitis of the knee-joint by aspiration
and subsequent use of the Martin bandage, a
method original with himself. Dr, Martin has
contributed largely to medical journals, notably to
the London " Lancet," the '• British Medical Jour-
nal," and other magazines in England, as well as
to the " North American Review " and many other
journals in this country.
MARTIN, Henry Newell, biologist, b. in Newry, Ireland, 1 July, 1848. He studied at University college, London, and received the degrees of B. S. in 1870. M. B. in 1871, and Dr. Sc. in 1872, at the University of London, and was appointed university scholar in zoology and physiology.
From London he went to Christ college, Cambridge, where he took the B. A. degree in 1874. He became a fellow of his college, and also lecturer on natural history. When the Johns Hopkins university was established, in 1876, he was invited to become its professor of biology, and he has since held that chair, and also the post of director of the biological laboratory. His original researches included experiments on " The Normal Respiratory Movements of the Frog and the Influence upon its Respiratory Centre of Stimulation of the Optic Lobes " (1878), in which he explains, after careful examination, the respiratory mechanism of the frog and demonstrates that a nerve-centre able to check expiration exist in its mid-brain ; " On the Influence of Stimulation of the Mid-Brain upon the Respiratory Rhythm of the Mammal " (1878) ; and " On the Respiratory Function of the Internal Intercostal Muscles" (1879). in which he proved experimentally that in the dog and cat the internal intercostal muscles are expiratory, and therefore presumably so in man, thus settling a long-disputed point. In a series of papers (1881-'3) he was the first to demonstrate that the heart of a warm-blooded animal can be kept alive and beating normally for hours after general death of the animal, and by researches made on it in that condition, when beyond all control from the central nervous system or products of glandular activity or tissue change, that alterations in arterial or venous pressure do not directly cause any change in the pulse-rate : and that slight changes of temperature in the blood supplied to it very greatly influence the rate of beat of the heart by acting directly on it, hence showing that the quick pulse in fever is not a nervous phenomenon. His "Ob-
