servatioris in regard to the Supposed Suction-Pump Action of the Mammalian Heart" (1887) show that this generally accepted action does not exist. Much of his work has been in collaboration with his pupils. Prof. Martin was appointed Ci'oonian lecturer of the Royal society of London for the year 1883, and in 1881 the honorary degree of M. D. was conferred on him by the University of Georgia. He is a member of scientific societies in the United States, and a fellow of the Royal so- ciety of London, and has contributed largely to scientific journals. He is editor of the " Studies from the Biological Laboratory " of Johns Hopkins, and associate editor of " The Journal of Physi- ology." He was associated with Thomas H. Hux- ley in the preparation of his " Practical Biology " (London and New York, 1876), and is the author of "The Human Body" (New York, 1881); and, with William A. Moale. of a " Handbook of Verte- brate Dissection " (3 parts, 1881-'4).
MARTIN, Homer Dodge, artist, b. in Albany,
N. Y., 28 Oct., 1836. He received no regular art
instruction, but began exhibiting at the National
academy about 1857. He removed to New York
early in 1862, and was elected an associate of the
National academy in 1868, and academician in
1875. In 1876, 1880, and 1881 he travelled in Eng-
land, and in 1882-'6 resided in France, sketching
and painting from nature during his stay in those
countries. His landscapes are notable for color
and atmosphere. His works include " White
Mountains from Randolph Hill " (1862) ; " Adi-
rondacks " (1876) ; " Thames at Richmond " (1877) ;
" Evening on the Saranac " (1878) ; " Sand Dunes
on Lake Ontario " (1879 and 1886) ; " On the Neck,
Newport, R. I." (1880) ; and " Old Manor at Crique-
boeuf, Normandy " (1885).
MARTIN, James, clergyman, b. in Albany,
N. Y., 12 May, 1796 ; d. in" Canonsburg, Pa., 15
June, 1846. He was graduated at Union college
in 1819, studied theology in the seminary of the
Associate church, which was then in Philadelphia,
Pa., and was ordained as pastor of the church in
Albany, N. Y., 19 May, 1824. While still filling
the pastoral office he assumed the editorship of the
"Evangelical Repository " in 1833. In 1842 he be-
came professor of didactic theology and Hebrew in
the theological seminary at Cannonsburg. He re-
ceived the degree of D. D. from Jefferson college
in 1843. He published " A Preface designed to
show that the Biblical Psalms only are to be sung
in the Worship of God " (Albany, 1830) ; an " Es-
say on the Imputation of Adam's First Sin to his
Posterity" (1834); and "The Duty of Submission
to Church Rulers Explained and Defended " (1841).
MARTIN, James Green, soldier, b. in Eliza-
beth City, N. C, 14 Feb., 1819 ; d. in Asheville,
N. C, 4 Oct., 1878. He was graduated at the
U. S. military academy in 1840, and assigned to
the artillery. As 1st lieutenant of a light battery
he fought in the Mexican war, and lost his right
arm at Churubuseo. He had meanwhile been com-
missioned as captain of staff, and was now brevet-
ted major. When the civil war began he was
quartermaster at Fort Riley. Resigning his com-
mission on 14 June, 1861, he offered his services to
his state, was appointed adjutant-general of North
Carolina, and applied himself to the task of or-
ganizing, equipping, and clothing the troops. At
his suggestion blockade-running ships were first
employed to bring supplies from Europe. On 28
Sept., 1861, he was appointed general-in-chief of
the state forces, with the rank of major-general.
Anticipating the need of more troops, he raised
12,000 men beyond North Carolina's quota, which
were hastily called into the field when Gen. Mc-
Clellan advanced on Richmond, and performed
effective service in the defence of the Confederate
capital. When he had accomplished the duty of
fitting the North Carolina troops for the field, he
was commissioned as brigadier-general in the Con-
federate array in 1862, and on reaching the field in
1863 was assigned to the command of a brigade
and ordered to Petersburg. Not long after his
arrival at the scene of operations Gen. Lee re-
quested him to go back and resume the duties of
adjutant-general of North Carolina, where the con-
scription law had provoked a dangerous state of
disaffection. After spending nine months at Ra-
leigh in the discharge of this trust, he again asked
for service in the field, was assigned to the com-
mand of a brigade, and was made commander of
the district of North Carolina. His brigade was
often spoken of as the best-disciplined in Lee's
army, and he won additional praise by his ability
in handling his command in action. He surprised
the National camp at Newport, was ordered to
Petersburg in May, 1864, and at Bermuda Hun-
dred carried by assault the earthworks on the ex-
treme left of the National line. He afterward was
engaged in severe fighting at Cold Harbor and in
the battles before Petersburg. At the close of the
war he was stationed at Asheville in command of
the district of western North Carolina and south-
western Virginia. The considerable property that
he once possessed had been swept away, and. though
his health was impaired by hard service, he studied
law, was speedily called to the bar, and practised
in Asheville during the remainder of his life.
MARTIN, James Stewart, soldier, b. in
Scott county, Va., 19 Aug., 1826. He received a
public-school education, removed to Salem, 111., in
1846, and during the Mexican war served as a
non-commissioned officer. He was clerk of the
Marion county court from 1849 till 1861, in the
mean time studying law and being admitted to the
bar. For several years he was a member of the
Republican state committee. He entered the Na-
tional army as colonel of an Illinois regiment in
1862, and served till the end of the war, taking
part in all the important battles of the Atlanta
campaign and in the march to the sea, and receiv-
ing the brevet of brigadier-general on 28 Feb.,
1865. After his return to Illinois he was elected
judge of the Marion county court, and in 1868 was
appointed a pension-agent, resigning the judge-
ship. He resigned that office on being elected as
a Republican to congress in 1872. After his ser-
vice in congress he was for some years commis-
sioner of the Southern Illinois penitentiary, and
subsequently a banker in Salem and president of a
coal-mining company.
MARTIN, John, governor of Georgia, b. about
1730. He was appointed naval officer at Sunbury,
Ga., in 1761. At the beginning of the Revolution
he was sent to the Provincial congress in 1775, and
was a member of the council of safety. He joined
the Continental army, was commissioned as cap-
tain, and promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1781. He
was elected to the legislature from Chatham coun-
ty in the same year, was governor of the state in
1782-'3, and was elected in 1783 state treasurer.
In January of that year he was commissioned to
make a treaty with the Creek Indians.
MARTIN, John Alexander, governor of Kansas, b. in Brownsville, Pa., 10 March, 1839; d. in Atchison, Kan.. 2 Oct., 1889. He learned the printer's trade in Brownsville, and became foreman of the composing-room, and subsequently local editor. Removing in 1857 to Atchison, Kan., he purchased
