began in 1816 operations against the royal forces. In April, 1817, his followers numbered more than 5,000, and the Brazilian government organized against him a powerful expedition under Col. Mello. During the following month several bat- tles were fought with varying success ; but the forces of Marlines diminishing day by day, and re- solving on a bold enterprise, he marched against Bahia, and encountered Col. Mello on 16 May. in the valley of Ipajuco. The insurgents were finally routed and Martines taken prisoner. He was taken on the following day to Bahia, tried and condemned to the gallows by a court-martial.
MARTINEZ, Enrique (mar-tee'-neth), some-
times improperly called Enrico Martin, Mexican
engineer, b., according to Torquemada, in Ger-
many, but probably, according to late researches,
in Ayamonte, Andalusia, about 1570 ; d. in Mexico
in 1632. He studied mathematics, geography, and
hydraulics, was appointed cosmographer to the
king, and, coming to Mexico as interpreter of the
inquisition, established a printing-office in that
city. The valley of Mexico being threatened re-
peatedly with inundation by the overflow of the
lakes of Zumpango and San Cristobal into that of
Texcoco. the viceroy. Marquis de Salinas, appointed
a scientific commission which recommended a plan
that was proposed by Martinez and the Jesuit Juan
Sanchez to cut an open canal from Lake Zum-
pango to Cuautitlan river at Huehuetoca, and
thence construct a tunnel through the hills of
Nochistongo, the lowest spot in the mountains
bounding the valley on the north, to El Salto on
Tula river. Martinez was put in charge of the
work, which was begun on 28 Nov., 1607, with
great solemnities, ilore than 15,000 Indians were
employed in the work. After scarcely ten months
of labor the tunnel was finished, and on 23 Sept.,
1608, the water passed through it for the first
time. It was more than five miles long, eleven
feet wide, and fourteen feet high, but it soon proved
insufficient, and the loose earth through which it
was cut began to crumble. Martinez asked for an
appropriation to enlarge the tunnel, but without
avail. In 1614 the Flemish engineer Boot recom-
mended a system of dikes, which failed to give re-
lief, and Martinez's tunnel was maintained, but with-
out giving him the means for the required enlarge-
ment. In 1623 the new viceroy. Marquis de Gelves,
desiring to show that the tunnel was superflu-
ous, ordered the water of Cuautitlan river to be re-
turned to its former bed, and the entrance of the
tunnel to be obstructed, but in the same year heavy
rains fell and Lake Texcoco began to threaten an
inundation of the city. The communication with
the tunnel of Nochistongo was restored, and Mar-
tinez was ordered to repair it, but with insufficient
means, and on 20 June, 1629, heavy rains swelling the
rivers, the dikes broke and the city was inundated
to the depth of nearly six feet. Martinez, accused
of tampering with the sluices in order to demon-
strate the necessity of improving the tunnel, was
imprisoned by order of the viceroy. The city re-
mained flooded till 1682, when Martinez was set
at liberty and ordered to finish the work of drain-
age by enlarging the tunnel, but his sufferings and
a cold that he had contracted in supervising the
laborers resulted in his death soon afterward, and
the work was alternately abandoned and resumed
at the approach of dangei*. In 1687 it was resolved
to change the plan of the work by substituting an
open cut through the mountain for the tunnel. A
Franciscan monk, Luis Flores, was put in charge
of the work, which was continued with many in-
terruptions, and was not finished till 1767. It has
never entirely fulfilled its purpose, and it is prob-
ably reserved for American enterprise to complete
the project of draining the valley of Mexico. The
cut is now (1888) about ten miles long, the greatest
breadth 861 feet,
and the greatest
depth 197 feet, and
the Mexican cen-
tral railway runs
through it at a
height of from 100
to 200 feet above
the water -course,
sometimes almost
directly over the
canal. In 1888 a
statue was erected
to the memory of
jMartinez on the
square of the Sagra-
rio, east of the ca-
thedral of Mexico.
(See illustration.)
Martinez wrote
" Discurso sobre la
magna eonjuncion
de los planetas Jii-
piter y Saturno,
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acaecida en 24 Diciembre 1603 en Sagitario" (Mexico, 1604); a trea- tise on cosmography, under the title " Repertorio de tiempos, e historia natural de la Nueva Espaiia " (1606, printed by the author) ; and other works ; and designed thirty-two maps of the Pacific coast of Mexico and plans of its ports and bays that are preserved in the archives of the council of Indies.
MARTINEZ, Pedro, Spanish missionary, b. in
Celda, Aragon. 15 Oct., 1523 ; d. about nine miles
from the mouth of St. John's river, Fla., 6 Oct.,
1565. He took a vow of perpetual chastity when
he was a boy, ultimately became a member of the
Society of Jesus, and in 1558 accompanied the
army of Count Alcahudete in the African cam-
paign. Before setting out for the conquest of
Florida in 1565, Menendez applied lor some Jesuits
to accompany him. Martinez was appointed their
superior, but he did not sail with Menendez, going
several months later with another expedition.
When the vessel came within sight of Florida, it
took a northerly direction, different from that of
the other ships. The captain, on reaching the
shore, directed some of his sailors to land in a boat
and explore the country. They refused to expose
themselves to unknown dangers, but at last about
twelve Belgians and Spaniards consented to obey
if Martinez would accompany them. The Jesuit
at once leaped into a boat and landed with the ex-
ploring party, being thus the first of his order to
step on Nortli American soil. No sooner had he
done so than a storm arose and the ship was driven
from the coast. The position of the explorers was
now one of great danger, and would have been
hopeless but for the energy and courage with which
Martinez inspired his companions. They stayed
on the coast for ten days, and met with many ad-
ventures in their efforts to reach a settlement. At
one of the rivers Martinez waited for two Belgians
who had been exhausted by their journey, and he
was overtaken and killed bv savages.
MARTINEZ DE ALDUNATE, Jose Antonio, Chilian R. C. bishop, b. in Santiago in 1730; d. there, 8 April, 1811. He studied in the Jesuit college of San Francisco Javier, and in 1755 was graduated as doctor in theology and law in the
University of San Felipe, and appointed professor
