However, vowels represented by َ alone without a following وare always romanized as u.
3. The letter ىin final position may represent the long vowel romanized á, in addition to the vowels romanized ī and ı. This occurs in Arabic names, such as:
| Muṣṭafá | ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ | ||
| al-Musanná | اﻟﻤﺜﻨﻰ |
4. Vowel points are used sparingly in Azerbaijani publications, and additional diacritics used to differentiate between some vowels may vary or be omitted. For romanization, they must be supplied from a dictionary.
RULES OF APPLICATION
Letters Which May Be Romanized in Different Ways Depending on Their Context
1. ء (hamzah)
- (a) When initial, ءis not represented in romanization.
| üzdah | أوزده |
- (b) When medial or final in words of Perso-Arabic origin, ءis romanized as ’ (alif), except when it represents the phonetic sound e (as in men), in which case it is romanized by e.
| mas’alah | ﻣﺴئﻠﻪ | ||
| but | gecah | ﮔئﺠﻪ | |
| neçah | ﻧئﭽﻪ |
2. [not available by itself] (maddah)
- (a) Initial آis romanized ā.
| ādām | آدام |
- (b) Medial آ, when it represents the phonetic combination ’ā, is so romanized.
| Ḥeydar’ābād | ﺣﻴﺪرآﺑﺎد |
3. َ (shaddah or tashdīd) is represented by doubling the letter or digraph concerned.
| sāqqāl | ﺳﺎﻗﺎل |
Note the exceptional case where َ is written over وand ىto represent the combination of long vowel plus consonants.
| madanīyat | ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺖ |
