PERIODICAL
681
PERIODICAL
later into the more scientific monthly " Onze Wachter"
(23 vols., 1874-85), combined with "De Wachter" (6
vols., 1871-3), afterwards named "De Katholiek" in
1885. Meanwhile " De Wachter" (12 vols., 1874-85),
more especially devoted to studies of Dante, continued
to exist under the editorship of J. Bohl and was finally
merged in "De wetenschappelijke Xederlander" in
which the Rev. J. Brouwers published many inter-
esting Essays (8 vols., 1881-90). Recently "De
Katholiek" has found powerful competitors in "Van
onzen tijd" (at first a monthly, 15 vols., 1900-10; then
a weekly, 1 vol., 1910-1911) and in the " Annalen der
vereeniging tot het bevorderen van de beoefening der
wetenschap onder de katholieken in Nederland" (2
vols., 1907-10), which contain articles of a most
scholarly character. In this country as elsewhere the
Jesuits have edited a periodical of their own, the val-
uable "Studien. Tijdschrift voor godsdienst, weten-
schap, letteren" (74 vols., 1868-1910), while in "De
katholieke missien" (35 vols., 1876-1910) they have
kept up a lively interest in the foreign missions, towards
which Holland has alwa}'s been so generous.
In the field of purely historical research there are the "Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het bisdom van Haarlem" (33 vols., 1873-1910) and the "Archief voor heb aarbsbisdom Utrecht" (36 vols., 1875-1910), which together with the historical contributions ap- pearing in the other periodicals fully answer the ex- isting interest; it was this that led to the early collapse of the " Geschiedkundige Bladen" (4 vols., 1905-6). No better fate awaited the only periodical on ecclesias- tical art., "Het Gildeboek" (3"vols., 1873-81; "Versla- gen", 11 vols., 1886-90) edited byMgr vanHenkelum, dean of St. Bernulph's Guild, but its work is still carried on in part bv the Belgian-Dutch review "Sint Lucas" (2 vols., 1908-10). "De katholieke Gids" (20 vols., 1889-1908), a monthly, the contents of which were never of any great moment, met a similar fate; as did the weekly "Stemmen onzer Eeuw" (1905-06), while the only educational paper "Opvoe- dingenOnderwijs" (2 vols., 1908-10), recently founded, seems already to be on the wane. Among the apologetic papers there are some that deserve special mention: "Het Dompertjc van den onden Valentijn" (32 vols., 1867-1900), succeeded by "Het nieuwe Dompertje" (4 vols., 1901-4), and "Het Dompertje" (6 vols., 1905-10), the works of the " Willibrordus- vereeniging" (180 brochures, 1896-1910), the series "Geloof en Wetenschap" (36 booklets, 1904-10) as well as the publications issued by the " Apologetische vereeniging Pet rusCanisius" (some 40 booklets, 1906- 10). Among the apologetic journals may also be reckoned " Boekenschouw " (5 vols., 1906-10; for- merly called "Lectuur", 2 vols., 1904-5), a critical book review. The " Central Office for Social Action " at Leiden issues no fewer than four periodicals under the chief editorship of P. J. Aalberse: the excellent "Katholiek sociaal Weekblad" (9 vols., 1902-10), the "Volksbibliotheek" (25 numbers, 1905-10), the "Politieke en Sociale studien", at first two separate serials, now united (3 and 5 vols., 1906-10), and the "Volkstijdschrift" (27 numbers, 1909-10). Sobrie- tas (4 vols., 1907-10) is the chief organ of the Catholic temperance movement.
In addition Holland possesses a flourishing exclu- sively theological monthly, " Nederlandsche Katho- lieke stemmen" (10 vols., 1901-10), which is a con- tinuation of an older ecclesiastical paper of the same name (22 vols., 1879-1900). The " Sint-Gregorius- blad" (35 vols., 1876-1910) is devoted to church music, while the "Koorbode" (5 vols., 1906-10) upholds the modern movements. The Catholic university students have their "Annuarium der R. Kath. studenten" (8 vols., 1902-10), and recently they started a weekly paper "Roomsch Studenten-blad" (1 vol., 1910-1)". Finally Catholic ladies have the Belgian-Dutch magazine, "De Lelie" (2 vols., 1909-
10). Besides those already mentioned there are some
fifty other periodicals some of which supply enter-
taining literature, such as the " Katholieke Illustratie"
(44 vols., 1867-1910) and the "Leesbibliotheek voor
christelijke huisgezinnen" (56 vols., 1856-1910), while
others, mostly published for the benefit of the for-
eign missions, are of a devotional character. Men-
tion must be made of the annual Catholic directories
of Holland. The first of these was the "Almanach
du clerge catholique" (7 vols., 1822-29), issued when
Holland and Belgium were politically united. Then
came the "R.-Kath. Jaarboek" (9 vols., 1835-44),
succeeded by "Kerkelijk Nederland" (10 vols., 1847-
56), together with the interesting "Handboekje voor
dezaken der R.-Kath. eeredienst" (by J. C. Willemse,
32 vols., 1847-80), while the statistics of more mod-
ern times and the present day and all desirable in-
formation can be found carefully arranged in the
" Pius-almanak " (36 vols., 1875-1910), which had a
temporary rival in "Onze Pius-almanak" (6 vols.,
1900-05).
Among the journals the three most prominent dailies are: "De Tijd", started by the Rev. J. A. Smits, J. W. Cramer, and P. van Cranenburgh in 1846, which is considered the chief leader and representa- tive of public opinion amongst Catholics; the more militant "De Maasbode", founded in 1868, and the democratic "Het Centrum", begun in 1884. All these Dutch papers and periodicals are irreproachably orthodox. As to the circulation the dailies enjoy, no figures are available. But " De Voorhoede", a weekly paper established in 1907, is known to have an edition of 25,000 copies. In all, Holland has 15 Catholic dailies, of which only "De Maasbode" issues a morn- ing and an evening edition (since 1909). In addition to these there are 31 papers published more than once a week, with 76 weeklies and some 70 monthlies. BoNAV. Kruitwagen.
India. — See India.
Ireland. — Owing to the ferocity of the penal laws, such a thing as Catholic periodical literature was im- possible in Ireland during the seventeenth and eight- eenth centuries. It was not until 1793 that any nota- ble relaxation was made in the disabilities under which Irish Catholics laboured, and the only form of litera- ture, even in the first quarterof the nineteenth century, was polemical The sporadic pamphlets issued by the leaders of the Catholic Committee, especially in regard to the Veto question and theQuarantotti rescript, can scarcely be regarded as periodical literature, nor yet the able series of "Letters of Hierophilus" (1820-23) by Bishop Doyle. After Catholic Emancipation (1829), Irish Cathohcs began to use the power of the press. In 1834 the "Cathohc Penny Magazine" was started as a weekly, published by Caldwell of Dublin. The first number was issued in February, 1834, and the last in December, 1S35. A new era opened with the foundation of the "Dublin Review " in May, 1836, a journal Irish in more than name, its founders being Dr. Nicholas Wiseman and Daniel O'Connell. Twice subsequently O'Connell made a personal appeal on its behalf. The first editor, to whom Cardinal ^^'iseman gives the original credit of the project, was W. Michael Quin (q. v.). In a short time it came under the con- trol of W. Henry R. Bagshawe, but he was rather sub- editor with ample authority under Dr. Wiseman. The history of the "Review" belongs to the English sec- tion of this article, but Ireland can claim a great share in this arduous enterprise. At least one-half, often much more, of the literary matter of the original series was produced in Ireland; and Irish topics, political, social, educational, or literary, constituted a large part of thecontents. Dr. C.W.Russell of Maynooth was the chief support of Dr. Wiseman who, writing in January, 1846, calls him editor. When Dr. W. G. Ward became proprietor, the editorial work was done by another Irishman, John Cashel Hoey. An Irish editor of a
