PERIODICAL
683
PERIODICAL
like Professor Stockley, Dr. Fitzpatrick, R. F. O'Con-
nor, Shane Leslie, Jane Martyn, S. M. Lyne, Sister
Gertrude, and Nora O'Mahony. The only quar-
terly is the "Irish Theological Quarterly", founded
in January, 1900, by six Maynooth professors, one of
whom (Dr. McKenna) has since become Bishop of
Clogher. Ably conducted, it keeps thoroughly abreast
of all theological and Scriptural matters.
Power, Irish Literary Enquirer (London, 1807); Flood, Irish Catholic Periodicals (MS.) ; (5asartelli in Dublin Review (April,
isgej.
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
Italy. — Without going back to the Acta Diurna, Acta Scnatus, or Acta pubiica, existing in Rome in Cjesar's time, the modern newspaper had its birth in Venice. From the first years of the sixteenth century we learn of journals issued in that city every two or three days, sometimes even daily, under the surveil- lance of the Government. These sheets, called Avvisi, for the most part in manuscript, were distributed among the governors of provinces and the ambassa- dors to foreign courts; they were later read in public, and sold after the reading for a gazzelta (14.6 gazzettas = 1 lira), hence the name "gazette". At first these journals had an official character; but in 1538, during the Turkish War, their publication was entrusted to private enterprise, though they continued to be super- vised by the Government. Under these new auspices journalism was carried on without serious competition up to the first decades of the eighteenth century.
It was natural that the example of Venice should be imitated elsewhere, but in Italy its functions were mainly confined to pandering to a scandal-loving pub- lic. In Rome this was carried to such a degree that in 157S Grcogry XIII issued a Bull of excommunication against the journalists who propagated the true and false scandals of society and the court. After Venice came Florence, where they printed Notizie or Gazzetta. In Rome the first permanent journal was "II Diario de Roma", begun in 171G during the war against the Turks in Hungary, printed by Luca and Giovanni Cracas, hence its familiar name "II Cracas". After 1718 it was published twice a week, with a supple- ment. At the end of the eighteenth century, the sub- scription was 24 paoli (12 lira) per annum. Towards the middle of the eighteenth century a more intense journalistic life became manifest in Venice. In 1760 another journal, the "Gazzetta Veneta" appeared, edited by Gaspere Gozzi, who in the succeeding year founded a literary review called the "Osservatore Veneto". The directorship of the "Gazzetta Veneta" was then assumed by the priest Chiari ; this paper sur- vived until 1798, though its title was changed a num- ber of times.
The following papers also deserve mention: the "Diario Veneto" (1765); the "Gazzetta", with sub- title "Notizie del mondo" (1769); the "Novellista Veneto" (1775, daily); "Avvisi Pubblici de Venezia" (1785); the "Gazzetta delle Gazzette" (1786), the only one that also treated of political questions; the "Nuovo Postiglione" (1789). From 1768 to 1791 the "Gazzetta Fiorentina" was circulated at Florence. Besides the foregoing, a number of scientific and liter- ary journals made their appearance. The first of these is the "Giornale dei letterati", founded in Rome by the learned Benedetto Bocchini (1650-1700). In 1718 the "Giornale dei letterati d'ltalia" of Apostolo Zeno appeared at Venice, where also in the same year Pavini translated from the French the "Mercurio Storico". To these was added in 1724 the "Gran Giornale d'Europa", later the "Foglio per le Donne", the "Influssi" of Pasiello, the "Diario" of Cristoforo Zane (1735), and the "Giornale enciclopedico" (1777- 87). The "Osservatore" of Gozzi, already mentioned, belongs to this category. The most famous literary journal of this epoch was the "Frusta" of Barretti at Turin, which unceasingly attacked the decadent litera-
ture of the times. Other literary and educational
periodicals were: the "Analisi ragionata dei libri
nuovi", published in Naples, later changed its title to
"Giornale letterario" (1793-99). We may mention
also the raccoUe (collections) of various works and
dissertations, which were pubUshed in a number
of cities. Such was the "Raccolta Milanese", the
"Opuscoli" of Calogera at Pisa, the "Simbole" by
Gori, even the "Saggi", etc. of the various academies
in the cities of Italy. Beginning with 1710, Cracas
printed a species of almanac, the ' ' Notizie per I'anno " ;
while the Roman "Calendario" was the precursor of
the "Gerarchia Cattolica" of to-day.
With the French Revolution, other papers were founded throughout Italy to advocate the new regime. In Venice in 1797 was printed the "Monitore lom- bardo-veneto-traspadano " ; the "Libero Veneto"; the "Italiano rigenerato"; and the "Raccolta delle carte pubbliche". When Venice became Austrian, these journals disappeared, and the former "Gazzetta Urbana" became the "Gazzetta Veneta privilegiata" (1799). The "Diario di Roma" was discontinued from the close of 1798 until October of the succeeding year, again from 1808 to 1814, and from this last date continued up to the middle of the century. During the first French occupation the "Monitore di Roma was published in Rome; the "Gazzetta Romana", founded in 1808 and edited in two languages, was fol- lowed in 1809 by the "Giornale del Campidoglio", and in 1812 by the "Giornale politico del diparta- mento di Roma", containing treatises on antiquities and the results of excavations, and other items of interest. Mention may also be made of the "Giornale patriotico della Repubblica Napolitana".
The pre-revolutionary journals were all Catholic. In the Reign of Terror the publication of Catholic journals became impossible. During the time of the Restoration the government in Italy held the censor- ship of the press in regard to all questions of political import; but journals were free to exert themselves in behalf of Catholicism. Foreign books, however, were circulated, propagating the political, social, and reli- gious maxims of the Revolution. Thus the need of a conservative Catholic press made itself felt. The first to appear upon the field was in 1831, the "Voce della Verity" of Modena, founded under the auspices of Duke Francis V, and under the directorship of Antonio Parenti and Professor Bartolommeo Veratti. These journals continued to appear only until 1841. In this year Ballerini founded the "Amico Cattolico" at Milan. The Revolution of 1848 (although signalized by the founding at Rome of the ' ' Ballade ' ' and the satirical paper "Don Pirlone"; at Piacenza, the "Eridano", representing the Provisional Government, the "Tri- buno" representing the Opposition), made the neces- sity of good papers very urgent. On the return of Pius IX the "Giornale di Roma" was founded at Rome (18.50-65), to which was added an evening paper, the "Osservatore Romano", which, when the "Giornale" was suspended, became the organ of the Pontificial Government.
At Turin the "Armonia" was founded in 1849, which fought strenuously for the cause of the Church. The "Unitii, Cattolica" appeared in 1862, directed by Margotti, and the "Armonia" was transferred to Florence; at Genoa the "Eco d'ltalia" was estab- lished in 1849, an illustrated daily paper, still pub- lished under the name of "Liguria del Popolo". At Locarno, Canton of Ticino, Switzerland, the "Cre- dente Cattolico" .appeared in 1856; in the same year the "Osservatore Bolognese", at Bologna founded by Fangarezzi, Casoni, Acquaderni, etc., afterwards sup- pressed in 1859 by the provisional Government; in Florence the "Contemporaneo" (1857), founded by Stefano San Pol; in Naples, beginning in 1860, was published the"Omnibus", directed by VincenzoTorello. After the annexation of a large part of Italy to Sardinia,
