RACE
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RACE
the Bushman races, comprising Hottentots and Bush-
men — yellow skin, steatopygous, small stature, doli-
chocephalic ;
(b) dark skin: (2) Negrito races, comprising both Negrillo and Negrito — reddish-brown skin, stature very small, sub-brachycephalic or sub-dolicho- cephalic; (3) Negro, comprising the Nigritian and Bantu stocks — black skin, dolichocephalic; (4) Melanesians, comprising Papuans and Melanesians — • blackish-brown skin, medium stature, dolichocephalic.
B. Hair frizzly or wa\-y. — (a) dark skin: (5) Ethiopians — reddish-brown skin, narrow nose, large stature, dolichocephalic; (6) aboriginal Australians — • chocolate brown skin, broad nose, medium stature, dolichocephalic; (7) Dravidians — blackish-brown skin, broad or straight nose, small stature, dolichocephalic;
(b) skin dirty white: Assyrioids — nose narrow, and convex with thick end.
C. Hair wavy, brown or black in colour, eyes dark. — (a) skin light brown: (9) Indo-Afghan — hair black, nose narrow, straight or convex, tall stature;
(b) dirty white skin, black hair: (a) tall stature, long face: (10) Arabians and Semites — aquiline nose, pro- jecting occiput, dolichocephalic, elliptical face; (11) Berbers — nose straight and thick, dolichocephalic, square face: (12) Inhabitants of the European coasts — nose straight and small, mesocephalic, face oval;
(/3) Small stature: (13) Inhabitants of the Iberian island — dolichocephalic ;
(c) dull white skin, hair brown: (14) Inhabitants of Western Europe — small stature, strongly brachy- cephalic, face round: (15) Inhabitants of countries on the Adriatic — tall stature, brachy cephalic, long face.
D. Hair wavy or straight, flaxen in colour, eyes light, skin pinkish white. — (16) Northern Europeans — hair generally wavy, flaxen or reddish, tall stature, dolichocephalic; (17) Eastern Europeans — hair gener- ally straight, tow-coloured, small stature, sub-doli- chocephalic.
E. Hair straight or wavy and black, dark eyes. — (a) Skin light brown: (18) Ainos — body very hairy, nose broad and concave, dolichocephalic;
(b) Skin yellow, body without hair: (19) Polyne- sians — nose projecting and often convex, tall stature, elliptical face, brachycephalic or mesocephalic; (20) Indonesians — small stature, nose flat and often con- cave, projecting cheek-bones, face lozenge-shaped, doUchocephalic : (21) Nativeracesof South America^ small stature, nose projecting and straight, meso- cephalic or dolichocephalic.
F. Straight hair. — (a) Sallow skin: (a) Straight or aquihne nose: (22) North American races — tall stat- ure, mesocephalic; (23) Native races of Central America — small stature, brachycephalic; (;3) Straight nose: (24) Patagonians — tall stature, brachycephalic, square face;
(b) Skin yellow-brown: (25) Eskimo — small stature, face round and flat, dolichocephalic;
(c) Skin pale yellow: (26) Lapps — snub-nose, small stature, brachycephalic; (27) Ugrian race— nose straight or concave, small stature, mesocephalic or dolichocephalic, projecting cheek-bones; (28) Turks or Turko-Tatars — straight nose, medium stature, very brachycephalic;
(d) Skin sallow: (29) Mongolians — projecting cheek- bones, Mongolian fold, slightly brachycephalic.
Huxley cla-ssities mankind on a somatico-anthro- pological basis. He divided the human race into four main types: the Australioid, Negroid, Xanthocroi, and Mongoloid, to which he afterwards added the Ma- lenochroi. The aboriginal Australians are the chief representatives of the dolichocephalic Australioid type (dark skin and eyes, wavy black hair, flat nose, pronounced osseous superciliary arch, and very prognathous). Outside Australia, Huxley claimed to have found the Australioid type in the interior of the Deccan, and among the Egyptians. The standard for
the Negroid type is the African negro. Huxley
wrongly considered this tj-pe as almost without ex-
ception dolichocephalic. It generally lacks a bony
superciliary arch; skin and eyes are brown to black;
the hair black, short and frizzly or woolly; the nose
flat and broad; the lips thick and protruding, while
prognathism is universal. According to Huxley, the
particular modifications of the Negroid tj-pe are: the
small Bushmen with lighter skin; the partly brachy-
cephalic Negritos with hea\'y superciliary arch, living
in southern and south-eastern Asia (the Malay
Peninsula), and in the Andaman, Philippine, and
South Sea Islands (Papuans) as far as Tasmania.
Among these Negritos there has been a considerable
crossing with Polynesians and Malayans. Huxley
grouped together the inhabitants of the greater part
of Central Europe as the Xanthocroi or fair-white
type. This group is characterized by an almost
colourless soft skin, blue or grey eyes, and light hair;
the shape of the skull ranges from dolichocephalic to
brachycephalic. In the south and west this type
comes into contact with the Melanochroi; in the north
and east, where it extends to Hindustan, with the
Mongoloid tj-pe. According to Huxley all Asia and
its surrounding islands in the east and south-east, the
east and north-east of Europe, and the whole of
America are inhabited by the Mongoloid type (yel-
lowish-brown skin, black eyes, black, lank hair, small,
flat nose, oblique fold of the e3'elid, but no projecting
bony superciliary arch); the tj-pe is partly brachy-
cephalic, partly dolichocephalic. The Melanochroi
or brunettes live around the Mediterranean Sea, and
extend through Asia Minor across Arabia and Persia
to Hindustan. The skin is brownish, the fine wavy
hair almost black, the eyes dark. Huxley considered
the Melanochroi the result of a mixture of the Xantho-
croi and Australioids.
The attempt of Linnaeus to employ intellectual peculiarities as criteria has also been repeatedly imitated. Thus, Friedrich Muller has combined somatic (form of the hair) and linguistic peculiarities to form the basis of his racial classification. Accord- ing to his theory mankind is divided, according to the shape of the head, into woolly-haired and sleek- haired. The woolly-haired races are subdivided into those with tuft-like hair (Hottentots, Papuans), and those with fleecy hair (African negro, Kafir); the sleek-haired races into the straight-haired (as the Australians, Hj-perboreans, Americans, Malayans, Mongolians) and the curly-haired (as the Dravidians, Nubians, and Mediterranean races). These races are subdivided into a number of family groups on the basis of language and of the intellectual culture arising from it. Miiller distinguished: the Indo-Germanic family of languages (Germanic, Romanic, Slavonic, Celtic, Greek, Albanian, Iranian, Indian); the Ural- Altaic family (Finno-LTgrian, Turkish and Yakutish, Mongolian, Tungusian, Samoyedic); the South- Asiatic family (Chinese, Siamese, Annamite, Burmese, and Thibetan); the Hamito-Semitic family (Semito- Arabic, and Hamitic); the Malayo-Polynesian group (the Malayan, Polynesian, and Melanesian languages) ; the Bantu family, and along with it the American languages (related to this group only as to structure), the Dravidian, and various isolated languages.
Following Cuvier and Topinard, W. H. Flower, an Englishman, separates mankind into three main divi- sions:
I. Ethiopian or Negroid Races: (a) The African type of negro; (b) Hottentots and Bushmen; (c) The Oceanic negro or Melanesians; (d) Negritos.
II. Mongolian Race: (a) Eskimo; (b) The Mongols proper, comprising the Mongolo- Altaic group; and the southern Mongolian group; (c) Malayans; (d) Polynesians, Maoris; (e) Americans.
III. Caucasians, comprising Xanthocroi and Mel- anochroi. From these three main races (called
