RACE
625
RACE
archimorphic by C. H. Stratz), G. Fritach has dis-
tinguished the mixed races derived from them as
melamorphic. Both divisions have a strongly de-
veloped instinct for migration (nomadic peoples),
which has promoted the growth of civihzation. At
the same time Fritsch and Stratz assumed a series
of tribes without an instinct for migration (non-
nomadic peoples); these were named by Stratz pro-
tomorphic. These theories, however, have scientific
value as working hypotheses, even though the one or
the other may prove to be incorrect.
Following in part the investigations made by Klaatsch of the skeleton, Stratz takes as protomor- phic criteria: great indi\'idual variabihty; normal proportions (according to the calculations of Fritsch) with slightly excessive length of the arm; total height six or seven times the height of the heads; external appearance little different in the two sexes; women with small hips and mamma areolala; light to dark brown skin; hair of the head very variant with oval cross-section ; hair on the body moderately developed ; pronounced protuberance of frontal bone; incUnation to dolichocephaly and prognathism; strong, broad jaws; facial part of the skull large in proportion to the back of the skull; coarse features; broad nose; small orbits widely separated from each other; pointed ear, hke the ear of the Macaca monkey; graceful, slender frame; narrow vertebras; slighter curvature of the vertebral column; narrow pelvis; platyknemic tibia; nates weak; femur slight; no calves; tendency to a crouching position and to turning the foot in- wards; foot adapted for climbing; prehensile foot; weaker development of the ankle-bone (talus), of the heel-bone {calcaneus), of the cuboid bone (os cuhoi- deum), of the toe; very slight arch to the sole of the foot; entire sole set on the ground in walking; early development of sexual instinct. Stratz has selected the following as the criteria for the three archimor- phic races. Those of the melanodermic or black race are: excessive length of the legs; total height 7 to 7-5 heads; skin from dark brown almost to black; the hair of the head thick, black, and frizzly, with an elliptical cross-section; hair on the body scant; an inclination to dolichoc^haly (with a very decided breadth of the skull behind); pronounced progna- thism; powerful broad, and high jaws. Among the characteristics of the yellow or xanthodermic race are: deficient length of the hmbs; total height 7 to 7-5 heads; mamma papillata; brownish-yellow to hght yellow skin, coarse and black hair of the head, with a round cross-section; hair on the body scant; inclination to brachycephaly; broad, short jaw; slight frontal ridge; short, small, strong foot with moderate arch. Among the criteria of the leucoder- mic or white race are: normal proportions; stature, 7-5 to 8 heads; mamma papillata; light brown to almost white skin; orthognathism; from slight to hardly noticeable frontal ridge; narrow, high jaws; large muscles of the seat and calves; narrow, long foot with powerful arch; strong ball of the great toe; powerful heel.
Stratz has also sought to compare the different races according to their relationship and develop- ment. According to him, the aboriginal Australians of to-day are the nearest to the common monogenctic original form. The second earliest protomorphic races are the Papuans, Koikoins, and kindred races. ,\fter the black races in Africa had become separated from the main stock of mankind, the third earliest protomorphic group separated from the first stock (the American races, Malays of the interior of the peninsula. Kanakas, and Andamans). After the main yellow race had been thrown off from the main stock, the fourth earliest protomorphic group was formed (according to Stratz, the Ainos, Veddahs, Dravidians, Basques, and Celts). Finally the main white race wa« developed. The metamorphic races XII— 40
are to be regarded as races still in the process of
formation. Fritsch regards the three archimorphic
main races as centres of radiation: the white race
in South-Western Asia, the yellow race in North-
Eastern Asia, and the black race in Central Africa.
The white stock divided into the Semitic and Sans-
kritist branches; the yellow into the Chinese and
Scythian branches; while the Finno-Tatar branch
belongs to both the white and yellow stocks. The
black stock divided into the Pelagic branch (living
on the islands south and south-east of Asia) and the
African branch. According to Fritsch, owing to the
universal fertihty of crosses among mankind, the
contact of the main stocks with one another and with
the protomorphic races gave rise at the points of con-
tact to the metamorphic races. Fritsch took as pro-
tomorphic non-nomadic peoples (i. e. as remains of
original primitive peoples) : in Africa, the Bushmen,
Akkas Obongos, Batuas; in Australia, the natives
of Queensland; in Asia, the Dravidians, Veddahs,
Guang, Senoi, Kubu-kubu, Hieng, Miao-Tse, Ainos;
in America, the Makus, the Ges tribes of Eastern
Brazil, Fuegians; in Europe, the Neandertal race,
the Alpine race, the European dwarf race, and the
Lapps hving in stone huts.
On the basis of the theories of Stratz and Keane, Schurtz makes the following classification:
I. Early races (that is the almost disappeared re- mains of earher races): (1) Pateo-Asiatic, non- Mongohan race (the Ainos); (2) Ethiopian race (the Nubians) ; (3) dwarf race.
II. Chief family groups: A. Light colour or European-West-Asiatic group of races: northern Alpine, and Mediterranean main races; B. Asiatic- Polynesian group of races: Mongohan stock, Malayo- Polynesian stock; C. Nigritian group of races:
(1) Negro; (2) dark-coloured Indian (Dravidie races); (3) Indonesian and Oceanic Nigritian (Negritos, Melanesians) ; (4) Australians and Tasmanians; D. American group of races.
III. Hybrid races: (1) Finno-Ugrian hybrid race;
(2) Berber hybrid race.
Most of the above racial classifications offer cer- tain advantages, but also show faults that may not be overlooked. All contain three great groups which may be characterized from the most striking attributes as the smooth to wavy-haired white race, the coarse- haired yellow race, and the frizzly-haired black race. In addition, however, these races all exhibit a series of other differences, somatological and ethnological. However, it is difficult to group together a number of branches of these three main stocks. Most writers who desire to give a descriptive summary of the races and peoples of the worid (as Deniker, Buschan, Schurtz, and others) have, therefore, primarily guided themselves by the abodes of these races, and have grouped them according to the divisions of the earth within which it can be shown that various branches and subordinate groups live.
BARTOLsin Zeitschr.fiir Marph. u. Anihrop., VII. 81; Buschan, Menschenkunde (.Stuttgart, 1909); Idem. lUustrierte Vdlkerkunde (Stuttftart, 1910); Czbkanowbki in Arch, far Anihrop.. new series VI 47; Davenport, S(o(ts(tca; Jtfrt/iods (New York, 1899); Deniker', Les races et Us penples de la lerre (Paris, 1900), tr. "The Races of Man (London, 1900); Ehrenreich, Anihrop. Sludien ilber d. Urbewokner Brasiliens (Brunswick. 1897); Flower in Journal Anthr. Instil, of Greal Britain and Irelaiid, XIV, 378; Fritsch in Zeilschr. fur Ethnol. (1910), 580; Haddon, Siud;/ of Man (London. 1898); Hoernes, Nalur-u. Urgesch. d. Menschen (Vienna. 1909); Keane. Man, Past and Present ((^ambndge, 1904); Klaatsch in Arch, fur Anthr.. new senea. VlII, 101; QuATREFAGES, Elude des races hiimames (Paris. 1900) ; Kanke, Der Mensch (.3rd ed., Brunswick, 1911); Ranke in Arch, fur Anthr.. new series, II, 295; Ripley. The Races of Europe {London. 1900): ScHLiz in ^rcAti../ur.4n(ftr.. new senea, IX, 202; Schurtz, Vdlkerkunde (Leipzig and Vienna, 1903); Schmidt, Die S(e«unB der Pygmden (Stuttgart, 1910); Schwalbe in Anal. Am.. IX (1901), Supplement, 44; Stbatz in .Arch, fur Anthr.. new aeries, I 189- Idem, ;Va(ur(;esc/i. ies A/ensc/ien (Stuttgart. 1904) ; Topi- NARD, Elements d'anthr. gtnirale (Paris, 1885), tr. (London, 1890).
Ferdinand Birkner.
