was Prussian military attach^ at the German Diet at Franlffort, and from 1842 also Prussian ambassa- dor at the Courts of Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, and Darm- stadt. He had nothing to do with the dispute be- tween the government and Prussian Catholics in 1837.
After Frederick William IV ascended the throne in 1840 Radowitz was frequently called to Berlin to give advice and was also sent on missions to other countries. Notwithstanding the secret opposition of Austria and the open opposition of the States of central Germany, his duties as military attach)? led him to examine the constitution of the German con- federation, the immediate reform of which he declared to be a necessity if Germany were to be preserved from a revolution. He soon felt himself called to be- come the reformer of the Confederation, and, in view of the difficulties in the way, advocated the stinuila- tion of the German people by a war whenever the opportunity offered itself (e. g. in 1840, during the strained relations between France and Germany, and in 1846, when the Schleswig-Holstein question became acute); victory was to be utilized to strengthen the German position among the European Powers and to develop Germany internally. He desired to make Germany, including Austria, a unit and to enlarge it by the addition of Switzerland and the Netlier- lands. He wished Prussia to take the lead in the reorganization of internal affairs, as he had discovered at Frankfort that .Austria's interests lay in eastern and southern Europe, and could not be depended on for German interests. To attain these internal reforms 1 1>- peaceful means, he considered it necessary to place military matters and legislation under the control of the Confeder- ation; a strong central power could then be formed as need required. To accomplish his desires he advised the king to attain the unity which the "public opinion" of the German people demanded bj' introducing a constitutional form of government, in which the parliament should be less powerful than the crown and independent of the bourgeoisie and capitalists. He proposed social legislation to win the workmen for the government, but on account of the weak character of Frederick William IV, these plans were not carried out. While in Baden Radowitz watched the approach of the revolution. In 1846 he wrote the "Gesprache iiber Staat und Kirche", setting forth in the form of a dialogue all the antitheses in the German life of his time and pointing out in a clear, simple manner what he would have done to improve conditions. In a memorial presented in November, 1847, he urged the king to take up at last the reform of the Confederation, as Germany had been carried into the revolutionary movement. He was sent on this business to Vienna and Paris, but before he was able to accomplish anything Metternich was over- thrown in March, 1848, and Frederick William IV, after granting a parliamentary constitution, called a Liberal ministry. Radowitz withdrew from public affairs, but without any effort on his own part was elected member of the preliminary Parliament of Joseph Maria von Radowitz Frankfort, where he brilliantly represented more as orator than as leader the Christian and conservative principles. Though the majority of Catholics were adherents of the Liberal party and opposed to forming a confederation under the leadership of Prussia, Radowitz worked both to attain this end, and to prevent the whole national movement from failing. He was willing that Austria should merely be connected with the German states in a "new confederation", thus he was among those who elected Frederick William IV as German Emperor, March, 1849, though the king had declined the election. In April Radowitz was called to Berlin and by his advice the king invited all the German governments except Austria to carry out the principles of the con- stitution agreed upon at Frankfort in a freer confed- eration called the "LTnion", all revolutionary ele- ments being suppressed. To Austria he offered to exchange guarantees of their possessions. Fear of Prussia led most of the German governments to accept this proposition, to which the moderate Liberals also agreed. Radowitz, however, was not made minister, and the Conservative party was rapidly growing in strength in Prussia. They opposed him because he was willing in the plan of the Confedera- tion to concede an assembly that would represent the people. At too late an hour (26 September, 1850) the king appointed Radowitz minister of foreign affairs. Austria had gained time to plan its measures, and Radowitz wished to settle the matter by war. Austria and Prussia mobilized their armies, but Frederick William gave up the idea of war. Radowitz retired from his post on 2 November, and went to London as extraordinary ambassador but could gain no diplomatic success on account of the weakness Prussia had shown. In the spring of 1851 he retired into private life. In 1852 the king pre- vailed upon him to come again to Berlin, where, however, he performed only military duties. He was an active author all his life. At the close of his twentieth year he had written an "Ikonographie", and later he published numerous pamphlets. The pamijhlet issued, April, 1848, on "Deutschland und Friedrich Wilhelm IV" attracted much attention. The "Gesprache" was followed during the fifties by five volumes of collected writings. The first volume of his comprehensive biography, published by Hassel in 1905, gives the remainder of his literary works up to May, 1848. The second volume, which is being prepared by Meinecke, is expected to give a detailed explanation of much that is not clear in the Prussian-German policy of 1848-50. His son has had a brilliant diplomatic career. He came es- pecially into notice in 1885 when threatenings of war disturbed European diplomacy, and lately when he was the representative of Germany at the con- ference at Algeciras. Frensdorff. Joseph van Radowitz (Leipzig, 1850); Chilianeum, VII (Wurzburg, 1865). 463 sqq.; AUgem. deutsche Biog., XXVII, 141 s,|n. Martin Spahn.
Radulph of Rivo (or of Tongres; Raddlph VAN DER Beeke), historian and liturgist, b. at Breda, in Dutch Brabant, about the middle of the fourteenth century; d. at Tongres, 3 Nov., 1403. He pursued his studies in various parts of Europe — in Italy, where he was in 1362, at Paris, and at Origans (1367-75), where he studied canon and civil law. In 1371 at the latest he was subdeacon. Invested in 1371 with the deanery of Tongres by a Bull of Gregory IX, he took possession of his charge in 1383. In the interval he returned to Italy; in 1381 he was still at Rome, where he had as master Simon of Constantinople, Arch- bishop of Thebes, who taught him Greek. After 1390 he was replaced at Tongres by a vice-dean. During this time he had matriculated at the new University of Cologne (founded in 1388), where for a time he was
