TELESE
476
TELESE
A. The first class consists of intentional communi-
ications, when a person (the agent) by the concen-
tration of his mind on some object makes an effort
to transfer an idea to another person (the percipient)
who may or may not be aware of the attempt, and
who may or may not make an effort to receive the
communication. The experiments, made sometimes
on normal, more generally and more successfully on
hypnotized subjects, include the transference of
tastes, sounds, visual images, pain etc.; the guessing
of numbers, cards, colours, diagrams etc., thought
of by the agent; the execution or inhibition of move-
ments in compliance with the agent's will; the pro-
duction or cessation of the hypnotic condition at a
command mentally given; and other similar trans-
ferences of thought. In a few successful instances
the agent has been able to produce apparitions of
himself or even of a third person to the percipient
in another room or house. In these e.\'])eriments the
main difficulty is to make sure that the percipient
in no way uses his senses, which are in a state of
hypera;sthesia or extraordinary acuteness, and that
the correct guesses cannot be accounted for by similar
habits, suggestions, and associations in both the
agent and the percipient. Exhibitions of so-called
mind-reading are generally explainable either by clever
collusion, or by muscle-reading when there is contact
between the agent and the percipient, or by the
interpretation of sensory indications consciously or
unconsciously given.
B. The other class of facts consists of spontaneous communications in which, as far as we can know, the agent has no intention of manifesting himself to the percipient. Herein are included especially the intimation of the danger, illness, distress, or death of some person, generally a friend or relative, and the apparition of the phantasm of such a person, especially at the time of his death. The degree of precision and exactness of these monitions varies indefinitely. Sometimes they consist in a merely physical occur- rence coincident with the death, such as noise, the fall of some object, of a picture, etc. Sometimes ill-defined and inexplicable feelings of restlessness and uneasiness are experienced, or the sudden idea of what is happening flashes across the mind. Some- times finally, either in the waking state or in dreams, apparitions are seen, and even entire scenes witnessed in all their details. The main difficulty in these cases is to determine whether they present mere coincidences due to subjective factors, such as habit, association, memory, expectation etc., or a real causality.
II. Two problems are to be solved regarding telep- athy: A. Is the existence of telepathy as a fact demonstrated? B. If it is, what is its explanation?
A. Is the fact of telepathy established? In the past thirty or forty years, this subject has been studied critically. A large number of facts have been collected, especially by the Society for Psychical Research, founded in 1882, and have been published in "Phantasms of the Living", the "Proceedings" of the society, and many other works. In France, the "Annales des Sciences Psychiqucs" also record numerous cases. At present the literature on the subject is very extensive. After considering the cumulative evidence for the existence of telci^athy, there cannot fail to remain in the mind at least a general impression that chance does not account for the number of ciiiiuiilcnrcs, which is far greater than could be expected aciording to chance-probability. In the "Census of Hallucinations", after due allow- ance for possible causes of error, whereas ordinary chance coincidence would give 1 :19,000 as the propor- tion of the coincidences of apparitions with the fact of death, the actual proportion is 1:43, or 441) times greater than would be expected. In experiments, the proportion of successful attempts varies greatly,
yet, in general, it is far above that which chance-
coincidence would lead us to expect. Nevertheless,
the fact of telepathy is not yet accepted universally
as strictly demonstrated. There are so many diffi-
culties to meet, so many causes of error to avoid,
and so many obstacles to overcome, that results
obtained so far are not looked upon by all as sufficient
to give a scientific certitude of the fact.
B. Various theories have been proposed to account for the fact of telepathy. Some, appealing to a pre- ternatural causality, have supposed the intervention of good or evil spirits. But the principle admitted by all scientists, philosophers, and theologians is that a fact must be looked upon as natural until the contrary is proved. The present impossibility of giving a scientific explanation is no proof that there is no scientific explanation. The unexplained is not to be identified with the unexplainable, and the strange and extraordinary nature of a fact is not a justification for attributing it to powers above nature. Another attempt, namely the spiritistic hypothesis, cannot be discussed here (see Spiritism). Attempts at a scientific explanation rest either on a psychologi- cal basis (Myers, Sir OUver Lodge) or on a physical and physiological basis (Sir W. Crookes, Flournoy, Ochorowicz). Among psychological attempts is the supposition of the existence of a sub-conscious mind or subliminal self endowed with all the powers required to account for all the facts. While the considerable influence of the subconscious or the subliminal cannot be denied, the theory in its generality has the grave defect of being the fact itself expressed in other terms, and of having for its only proof the fact itself which it seeks to explain. Others simply appeal to supernormal faculties that are purely psychological. Among physiological and physical attempts are the suppositions of some neurotic fluid, brain vibrations, or a special form of energy transmitted from brain to brain through some unknown medium. All these attempts are unsatisfactory, and, according to all, the problem is still unsolved. Further experiments are needed, both to establish the fact itself beyond all doubt, and chiefly to determine its psychological and physical conditions. Until this is done, any theory is premature.
GR.vasET, L'occultisme hier et aujourd'hui (Montpellier, 1907), tr. TuBEUF, The Marvels beyond Science (New York, 1910); GuRNEY, Myers, Podmore, Phantasms of the Living (London, 1886): Myers, Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death (London and New York, 1903); Gutberlet, Der Kampf urn die Seele (Mainz. 1903) ; M.isox, Telepathy and the Subliminal Self (New York, 1899); Maxwell, Les Ph^nomines psychiquea (Paris, 1903); tr. Finch. Metapsychical Phenomena (New York and London, 190.i) ; Mercier, Psychologic (Louvain. 1903); Ochorowicz, La suggestion menlale (Paris, 1889), tr. Fitzgerald (New York, 1891); Podmore. Apparitions and Thought-Trans- fcrence (London and New York, 1894); Thomas. Thought-Trans- ference (New York, 1905); Axon., Pressentimeuti e lelepatie, a series of articles in Civiltd cattolica (1899, 1900); Annales des sciences psychiques, passim; Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, passim, especially Report on the Census of Hallucina- tions, X (1894), 25—422; SiDGwicK in Baldwin, Diet, of Philos. and Psychol. (New York, 1902), s. v. Telepathy, and Psychical Research,
C. A. DUBRAY.
Telese, Diocese of (Telesinensis). — Tclese, a small town in the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy, is situated in the valley of the Galore, well known for its hot sulphur springs. The ruins of the ancient Telesia, the Tedis of the Oscan coins, are to be seen yet on Monte Acerro. The city was captured by Hannibal in 207 B. c. ; Scipio founded a colony there. Having fallen into decay it was rebuilt in the nint h century. Its first bishop mentioned is Agnellus (4S7); in the tenth century it was subject to tlie Archbishop of Benevento. In 1012 Bishop Gian Francesco Leoni (1508) transferred tlie eiiisc'opal icsidoiice to Cerreto Sannita. In 1S18 the see was unitcii to that of Pied- imonte d'Alife, but was re-cstalilished in 1S.")2. Among its bishops we may note: Alberico Giacquinto (1540), rcno\vned for his learning and piety; Angclo Massar-
