EPIPHANIUS
Beverley, Liverpool, Salford, Shrewsbury, Newport and
Menevia, Clifton, Plymouth, Nottingham, Birming-
ham, and Northampton. In 1878 Beverley was divided
into the two new Dioceses of Leeds and Middles-
borough. And in 1895 Wales, except Glamorganshire,
was separated from the Dioceses of Newport anfl
Menevia, and of Shrewsbury, and formed into the
Vicariate of Wales. The vicariate was erected into the
Diocese of Menevia in 1898. The Diocese of Portsmouth
was formed in 1882, by the division of the Diocese
of Southwark into the Dioceses of Southwark and
Portsmouth. Thus, the province of Westminster
having fifteen suffragan sees was numerically the
largest in the world. By letters Apostohc, "Si qua
est", of 28 Oct., 1911, Pius X erected the new prov-
inces of Birmingham and Liverpool. With West-
minster remained the suffragan Sees of Northhamp-
ton, Nottingham, Portsmouth, and Southwark; to
Birmingham were assigned those of CUfton, Newport,
Ph-mouth, Shrewsbury, and Menevia; and to Liver-
pool, Hexham and Newcastle, Leeds, Middlesborough,
and Salford.
It had for many years been felt that some such division would have to be made, but there had always been the fear of causing disunion thereby, especially if it meant as in pre-Reformation times a division between north and south. Such a result was obviated by ignoring the precedent of York and Canterbury, and arranging for three instead of two provinces; and also by the grant in the Apostolic Constitution of "certain new distinctions of preeminence, for the preservation of unity in government and policy, to the archbishop of Westminster for the time being, comprised under the following three heads: He will be permanent chairman of the meetings of the Bishops of all England and Wales, and for this reason it will be for him to summon these meetings and to preside over them, according to the rules in force in Italy and elsewhere. (2) He will take rank above the other two Archbishops, and wiU tlvroughout all England and Wales enjoy the privilege of wearing the Pallium, of occupying the throne, and of having the cross borne before him. (3) Lastly, in all dealings with the Supreme Civil Authority, he will in his person represent the entire Episcopate of England and Wales. Always, however, he is to take the opinion of all the Bishops, and to be guided by the votes of the major part of them". Thus, though the Archbishop of Westminster was vested with more powers and privileges than primates usually enjoy, unity of action has been safeguarded. The grouping of the dioceses is rather curious. Instead of the natural division into a northern, a midland, and a southern province, formed by drawing a line from the Humber to the Mersey, and another from the Wash to the Bristol Channel, the Westminster or eastern province and the Birmingham or western province reach from the south-east and south-west to the Humber and Mersey respectively. In this way the northern province is contiguous to the other two, bringing all three into closer intercommunica- tion. It is interesting to note that in 787 an attempt was made to have a third province with the metro- politan at Lichfield, but in 803 it was abandoned and the bislinjis of central England were again made subjecl to Canterbury.
The English hierarchy was reorganized to "promote the greater good of souls and the devclc.piiiciit nf the Catholic religion". And before new ^n s .(.iil.l he formed it was felt necessary to erect iiion- ecclesi- astical provinces out of the already abnormal exten- sive province of WestniinstxT. That this was the obj(!ct in view seems clear from the conc'luding words ol the Bull: "We have reserved to o\irselves the taking of further measures in this matter of th<! re- eonstitution of English dioceses, as shall seem op- portune, and as experience may suggest and the good
38 EUGENICS
of souls require." In accordance with the instruc- tions of the Constitution the present Archbishop of Westminster, Francis Cardinal Bourne, executed these new ordinances by Decree dated 1 Dec., 1911, which was ordered to be read at the meetings of the metropolitan and other cathedral chapters throughout England and Wales.
The Catholic Directory (1S51-1912), passim.
Arthur Jackman.
Epiphanius of Constantia. See Salamis. Epiphanius of. Vol. XIII, p. 393.
Emakulam, Vicariate Apostolic of, in India. — In May, 1887, the churchesof Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response, however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race and rite, Leo XIII by his Brief "Qua; Rei Sacra;" (28 July, 1896) divided the territory anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam. The last comprises all the churches of Syrian Rite be- tween the Chalakudy River and Lake Vempanatu, excluding the Suddhist churches of Bramangalam, Caringoth, and Chumkam. The Suddhists are Syro- Malabar Christians, descended from the fourth- century Syrian immigrants; they were formed into a distinct ecclesiastical unit on 29 Aug., 1911, when the Vicariate ApostoUc of Kottayam was revived for them. The Vicariate of Ernakulam contains about 814,000 inhabitants, of whom 101,400 are Catholics; the chief language spoken is Malayalam. Mgr. Aloysius Pareparambil, titular Bishop of Tie (b. on 1 Aug., 1848, named first vicar Apostolic on 11 Aug., 1896), was consecrated at Kandy, Ceylon, on 25 Oct., 1896, and resides at Ernakulam. On 29 Aug., 1911, Mgr. Augustine Kaudatkil was appointed coadjutor bishop. There are 81 parish churches, 20 chapels with resident pastors, 112 secular priests, 32 divinity students at PuthenpaUy and 11 at the Papal Seminary, Kandy, Ceylon; 6 convents, 116 native Carmelite Tertiary nuns and 28 postulants; 2 catechumenates; 1 orphanage with 25 orphans; 7 boarding-schools with 267 pupils, 201 primary and secondary schools with 12,386 pupils; 412 converts in 1911; 39 Jacobite churches with 32,000 members; 1 industrial school. In the printing-press attached to this school there are published the "Messenger of the Sacred Heart" (monthly) and "Sathianadam" (weekly), both in Malayalam; "Eucharist and Priest", an English monthly periodical of the Priests' Eucha- ristic League, and " Promptuarium Canonico-Litur- gicum", a Latin monthly for the missionary clergy. There is a Lazarist community of 3 Fathers and 1 lay brother at Thotacam. The Syro-Chaldaic Car- melite Congregation of Malabar has 4 convents and 31 members in the vicariate; this institute, the first of its kind in India, was begun at Mannanam in 1831. The first priests were professed on 8 Dec, 1855, and on 1 Oct., 1860, the congregation was affiliated to the Discalced Carmehtes. Its rules and constitutions were approved by the Holy See tentatively on 1 Jan., 1895, and definitively on 12 March, 1906.
Catholic Directory 0/ India (Madras, 1913).
A. A. MacErlean.
Eugenics, The Chubch and. — Eugenics literally means "good breeding". It is defined as the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally. Both the word and the defi- nition were fixed by Sir Francis Gallon, the founder of the movement. The science has two chief divi- sions, namely, heredity and environment, (ialton believed that heredity was by far the more important. He derived his main idea from the breeding of the race-horse. Just as we can breed horses for points.
